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The Divine Family and the Baal Narratives

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The Divine Family and the Baal Narratives

The Ugaritic texts present the gods as a household. El is its head: aged, seated at the source of the rivers, called father of the gods, deferred to and consulted but rarely acting. Athirat, the Asherah of the Hebrew Bible, is his consort and mother of the gods. Beneath them are dozens of deities with defined spheres, among them Kothar-wa-Hasis, the craftsman who makes weapons and buildings, and Shapshu, the sun.

The longest narrative concerns Baal, the storm god, also called Hadad. He contends with Yam, Sea, and defeats him with weapons the craftsman god supplies; he is then granted a palace on his mountain, whose completion and the window set into it mark his kingship; and he is finally challenged by Mot, Death, who swallows him, so that drought follows. Anat, a goddess of violence and of the hunt, searches for him, attacks Mot and splits and scatters him, and Baal returns. The tablets are damaged in places and the order of some sections is argued over.

What the sequence means is less settled than summaries imply. It has been read as a seasonal myth of drought and rain, as a charter for kingship, as the script of a particular festival, and as literature that need not map onto any ritual at all. The pattern of a storm god defeating a sea or a dragon and then building a house appears elsewhere in the ancient Near East, and language very close to it survives in Hebrew poetry describing Yahweh subduing the sea and Leviathan, which is one reason these texts are read as closely as they are.

Caution is due on two points often stated too confidently. The gods' relationships vary between texts, and neat family trees are partly modern tidying. And the label "fertility religion", long attached to Canaanite practice and usually implying ritual prostitution, rests on hostile sources and on Greek reports rather than on the Ugaritic material, which does not support it.

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