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The Goddess Worshipped in the Stable, Not Only the Temple

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The Goddess Worshipped in the Stable, Not Only the Temple

Two Latin authors give Epona a kind of testimony no state inscription can: they describe her cult as an ordinary, everyday thing rather than an officially sponsored one. The satirist Juvenal, writing in the early second century CE, mocks the superstition of stable hands who paint a small image of Epona on a stable wall or post, a detail he tosses off precisely because it was common enough to need no explanation for a Roman audience. Apuleius, in his novel The Golden Ass, has his narrator, transformed into a donkey, notice a little shrine to Epona set into a pillar of his stable, freshly garlanded with roses, tended not by priests but by the ordinary grooms who worked there. Together these throwaway details, mockery from one writer and quiet observation from the other, show a devotion practiced at the level of the stable floor, far below the formal calendar entry and cavalry dedications that mark her more official cult.

Epona's surviving images also show a distinctively Gaulish habit that sets her apart from most Roman deities: she is frequently carved not once but three times in a single relief, three identical or near identical goddesses seated side by side among their horses. Multiplying a deity's image this way was a broader convention in Gaulish religious art, seen also in the triple mother goddesses known as the Matres or Matronae, and its meaning is still debated, whether it intensified her power, expressed a triad of related but distinct functions, or reflected some other native convention no surviving text explains. Whatever it signified, the tripled Epona is a reminder that even a goddess absorbed wholesale into Roman state religion kept a visibly Gaulish way of being shown.

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