Uriel is absent from the Hebrew Bible, from the New Testament and from the Qur'an. Everything known about him comes from the apocalyptic literature, and that is the whole explanation both for his removal from the Latin calendar and for his survival in the Western esoteric tradition, which reads exactly that literature.
In 1 Enoch he is one of the archangels set over the world, and in the Astronomical Book he is the angel who takes Enoch through the courses of the luminaries and explains the calendar to him. Uriel is the angel who teaches how time is measured, which is an unusual portfolio and a memorable one.
In 4 Ezra, the apocalypse preserved in the Latin Bible as chapters three to fourteen of 2 Esdras, Uriel is sent to answer Ezra's questions about why the righteous suffer and why Israel has been given to a worse nation. What he actually does is refuse the terms of the question. He asks Ezra to weigh fire, measure wind or call back a day that has passed, and when Ezra says no man can, replies that these are things Ezra has lived among since birth and cannot judge, so how should he judge the ways of the Most High. The consolation offered is the limit of the questioner rather than an answer.
The name reads as God is my light, which sits well beside the calendar and the luminaries. His placement in the north with Earth comes from the Golden Dawn quarters and has no connection to any of the above.