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Celtic Tree Signs

Willow (Saille)

Also Known As Willow

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Origin 1948

MODERN INVENTION. The Willow sign derives from Robert Graves 1948 The White Goddess and is a MODERN literary construct, NOT attested ancient Celtic lore. The moon-ruled Willow denotes intuition, emotion, and the perceptive observer attuned to cycles and hidden feeling.

Facts
Origins
Origin Period
1948 3Tradition: Modern tree-lore and tree calendar (Robert Graves, The White Goddess)
Origin Period
Devised by the poet and scholar Robert Graves in 1948, when The White Goddess set out this thirteen-sign tree calendar as a work of literary and mythographic argument rather than as a record of attested ancient Celtic practice. 3
Attributed Author / Compiler
Robert Graves, poet and novelist. The thirteen-month tree calendar is his construction in The White Goddess (1948), offered there as a poetic and literary argument rather than as a record of Celtic practice. No earlier author, Irish or otherwise, sets out a tree calendar of this kind. 3
Origin of the Name
Named for Saille, the fifth ogham letter, glossed as the willow 3
Origin of the Name
The letter-name is Old Irish; the birth-sign built on it is not 3
Debunked
Standing as a Comparative Category
Largely abandoned as a comparative category 3
Ronald Hutton's Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain (Yale University Press, 2009) traces the "Celtic tree calendar" and its thirteen tree birth-signs to Robert Graves's The White Goddess (1948), a work of poetic criticism rather than historical scholarship. Damian McManus's A Guide to Ogam (An Sagart, 1991), the standard study of the ogham script, independently confirms that ogham is a twenty-letter alphabet used for short memorial and boundary inscriptions, with no calendrical function recorded anywhere in its documented use. Checking Graves's claim against the surviving corpus, Hutton finds no Irish, Welsh or classical source describing a thirteen-month tree calendar or a tree zodiac; Graves built the scheme himself from the ogham letter-names, which do include tree names, by an interpretive leap the surviving texts do not support. The two studies together set the calendar aside as a modern literary invention rather than an inherited Celtic system.
Identity
Ogham Letter
Saille 1
Attributions
Calendar SpanSourced to the subject's own account
Apr 15 - May 12 2
Learn More
The Willow Sign in the Celtic Tree Calendar

The Willow sign (Apr 15 to May 12) is one of the thirteen signs of the so-called Celtic tree calendar, a modern system of tree-astrology in which the year is divided into thirteen months, each governed by a tree and its ogham letter. This sign is ruled by the Willow, whose ogham letter is Saille.

A twentieth-century invention

Those born under it are described in the popular literature as marked by intuition, patience and a strong memory; the perceptive and slightly enigmatic observer.

The framework should be dated honestly. The thirteen-month tree calendar was constructed by the poet Robert Graves in his book The White Goddess (1948) as a poetic and literary argument, not as a record of ancient practice; the surviving Celtic and Druidic sources describe no such calendar and no birth-sign system. The fixed date-ranges and personality profiles in use today are a later popularisation built on Graves. The sign is set out here as part of that modern esoteric tradition, not as an inheritance from the ancient Celts.

The Ogham Letter Behind the Willow Sign

The calendar is modern, but the ogham letter behind each sign is not. Ogham is a genuine script, cut along the edge of standing stones in strokes across a line, and it survives in roughly four hundred inscriptions in Ireland, Wales, Scotland and the Isle of Man, most of them of the fourth to sixth centuries and most of them simply a personal name and a father's name. Twenty letters make up the alphabet proper, arranged in four groups of five called aicmi.

Saille is the fourth letter of the twenty, in the first aicme. Sail is an Old Irish word for the willow, another of the small number of letters whose name really is the tree it is glossed as.

Two things about the calendar follow from the alphabet, and both are visible in the list itself. The order is wrong: the attested sequence of the first group is Beith, Luis, Fern, Sail, Nin, but the tradition calls the alphabet Beithe Luis Nin, and modern scholarship reads that third element as a general word for a written character rather than as the letter N. Graves followed the name instead of the order, which is why Nion stands third here and Fearn fourth. And the count is a selection: thirteen months needed thirteen letters, so the first three aicmi were used with Cert and Straif dropped, and the fourth aicme, the five vowels, left out altogether. Neither the reordering nor the pruning is recorded in any medieval source. The letter is old. The month is not.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Contained In

The Celtic Tree Calendar, Calendars

One of the thirteen tree months the scheme divides the year into.

Disciplines That Use This

Ogham, Disciplines

The tree calendar built on the letters, which is a modern construction on an ancient script.

Source A Guide to OgamDamian McManus

Named For

Willow, Plants

The Willow sign of the modern Celtic tree calendar is named for the willow; the calendar itself is a twentieth-century construction popularised from Robert Graves, as Hutton documents.

Source Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in BritainRonald Hutton

Related To

Saille, Ogham Fews

What is not known, and what would settle it. The tree-calendar sign Willow (Saille) shares its tree with the Ogham few Saille (willow).

Source The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetic MythRobert Graves
Sources
1. The Unicode Standard
The Unicode Consortium, The Unicode ConsortiumView the Source
2. The White Goddess: A Historical Grammar of Poetic Myth
Robert Graves, Faber and Faber, 1948Origin of the thirteen-month tree calendar in The White Goddess (1948)View the Source
3. A Guide to Ogam
Damian McManus, An Sagart, 1991Ogham as a genuine early medieval Irish alphabet, with no birth-sign calendar in the sourcesView the Source
Blood and Mistletoe: The History of the Druids in Britain
Ronald Hutton, Yale University Press, 2009The tree calendar as a modern invention, absent from ancient Celtic and Druidic sourcesView the Source
Open Questions (1 open question)
Do Robert Graves's tree pairings in the thirteen sign Celtic tree calendar, and the placing of willow at this position, correspond to anything beyond his own argument in The White Goddess?

Graves built the thirteen sign sequence in The White Goddess, 1948, by pairing his own reading of the Beth-Luis-Nion tree names to a thirteen month lunar calendar he reconstructed himself. That the wider tree calendar is his modern invention rather than an attested ancient system is not in dispute, and the tree names match because he took them from Ogham. What nobody has examined is the step after that: whether placing a given tree at a given calendar position reflects anything in the surviving Ogham material, or only his argument. No Celtic studies scholar has tested his month by month assignments either way, which is why this is an unfilled gap rather than a disagreement between camps. One question covers all thirteen signs, because the pairing is one act rather than thirteen.

What would resolve this A philological comparison of Graves's month-by-month tree assignments against the Ogham letter-name glosses preserved in the Auraicept na nEces and the Briatharogam tracts, by a scholar of medieval Irish, to establish whether any assignment beyond the shared name is supportable.
Celtic studies, medieval Irish philologyDamian McManus, A Guide to Ogam
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