Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Countries

Dominican Republic

Also Known As Dominican
Americas

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The Dominican Republic remains bound to the Catholic Church by a concordat signed with the Holy See in 1954 under Rafael Trujillo, which is still in force and grants the church public funding, tax exemption and a role in state education that no other body has. Catholic identification has nevertheless fallen sharply while evangelical churches have grown, particularly in the poorer barrios. The national patroness is the Virgin of Altagracia, whose basilica at Higuey receives a national pilgrimage each 21 January, and the country claims the first cathedral, first monastery and first university of the Americas in the colonial zone of Santo Domingo. Dominican Vudu, known as las veintiuna divisiones, organises spirits into divisions in a manner parallel to Haitian Vodou and is widely practised while rarely acknowledged, in part because of the long official denigration of Haitian influence.

Facts
Law and State
Establishment Status
Privileged Never Established 3
No church is established, but a concordat signed with the Holy See in 1954 and still in force grants the Catholic Church public funding, tax exemption and a role in state education that no other religious body holds.
State Funding MechanismSourced to the subject's own account
The Dominican Republic funds the Catholic Church under its 1954 concordat with the Holy See, which names Catholicism the state religion and provides, in the treaty's own terms, use of public funds for Church needs alongside reduced customs duties on Church goods; other benefits include exemption of Catholic clergy from military service. No comparable state subsidy reaches other religious communities, which fund themselves. 4
Registration or Recognition Regime
A 1954 concordat with the Holy See names Catholicism the official state religion and gives the Catholic Church privileges no other group receives: state protection for its ministry, military service exemption for its clergy, Catholic instruction in public orphanages, public funds toward some of its expenses, and exemption from customs duties. A non-Catholic group seeking that same customs exemption must instead register as a nongovernmental organization, a two-step filing with the Attorney General's Office and the Ministry of Finance, and marriages it performs are recognized only once the group has registered with the Central Electoral Board. 3
Concordat Basis
A concordat signed with the Holy See in 1954 remains in force, granting the Catholic Church public funding, tax exemption and a role in state education. 3
Disputed
Legal Status
A concordat signed with the Holy See in 1954 and still in force grants the Catholic Church public funding, tax exemption and a role in state education that no other body holds, while the constitution guarantees freedom of conscience and worship. 3
The Dominican Republic's 1954 concordat with the Holy See, signed under the Trujillo government and still in force, grants the Catholic Church public funding, tax exemption and a role in state education that no other religious body in the country holds, a relationship that predates and sits alongside the country's constitutional guarantee of freedom of conscience and worship to all residents. The State Department's report records both provisions as currently operative without indicating that the concordat has been renegotiated since 1954 despite the government that signed it having since fallen. The tension is between a general constitutional guarantee of equal religious freedom and a specific, older treaty-level arrangement privileging one church, a structure common to several Latin American and Southern European states with historical Catholic establishment, and it persists here because ending or renegotiating a concordat is a matter of international treaty relations with the Holy See rather than a domestic law any government can amend unilaterally.
Demographics
Religious Composition
Catholic identification has fallen to roughly half from over 90 per cent within two generations, with evangelical and Pentecostal churches near 20 per cent and rising, particularly in poorer urban districts (Pew Research Center, Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020). 1
Government
Capital
Santo Domingo 2
Government Type
presidential republic 2
Sovereignty Status
Sovereign UN member state 2
Established Year
1844 2
27 February 1844 (from Haiti)
Geography
Latitude
18.7 degrees north 2
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a country's extent has no single center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a survey measurement.
Longitude
70.2 degrees west 2
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a country's extent has no single center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a survey measurement.
Location
Location of Dominican Republic Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guam Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Laos Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
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Religion and History in the Dominican Republic

Santo Domingo holds the first cathedral, the first monastery and the first university of the Americas, and Dominican Catholicism has traded on that primacy ever since. The institutional arrangement is unusual for the region in that it has not been dismantled: a concordat signed with the Holy See in 1954, under the dictatorship of Rafael Trujillo, remains in force and gives the Catholic Church public funding, tax exemption, chaplaincies and a place in state education that no other body holds. Attempts to renegotiate it have not succeeded.

Trujillo's use of the church was instrumental and the church's relationship with him ended badly for both. The bishops eventually issued a pastoral letter against the regime in 1960, after the murder of the Mirabal sisters, and the rupture is a founding moment for the modern Dominican church.

Catholic identification has fallen sharply in recent decades while evangelical and Pentecostal churches have grown, particularly in the poorer barrios and among Dominicans of Haitian descent.

The national devotion is to the Virgin of Altagracia, whose basilica at Higuey draws a national pilgrimage each 21 January, with people walking through the night from across the east of the country. The image is a small painted panel of Spanish origin, and the devotion attached to it is entirely Dominican.

The country's African derived religion is widely practised and rarely named, for reasons bound up with a long official insistence on distinguishing Dominican identity from Haitian.

Las Veintiuna Divisiones, Practised Without Being Named

Dominican Vudu, generally called las veintiuna divisiones, the twenty one divisions, organises its spirits into groups in a manner parallel to Haitian Vodou while differing from it in composition, vocabulary and tone. The spirits are called misterios or luases, and each is identified with a Catholic saint, so that an image on an altar is read by insiders as one being and by everyone else as another.

The principal divisions are usually named as the Rada, associated with water, coolness and benevolence; the Petro, associated with fire, force and speed; and the India division, addressed to spirits understood as Taino, the indigenous people of the island, which is a component with no direct Haitian equivalent and which carries a claim about Dominican origins.

A practitioner through whom a spirit speaks is described as the caballo, the horse, of that misterio. Ceremonies involve drumming, and the palos drums and the fiestas de palos held for a saint's day are the most publicly visible element, often understood by participants and neighbours as Catholic festivity.

The reason the religion is widely practised and rarely acknowledged is political. Dominican nationalism has for a century defined itself against Haiti, and state ideology under Trujillo made African descent and Haitian influence into the things a Dominican was not, a project that culminated in the massacre of thousands of Haitians and Haitian Dominicans in 1937. In that climate, naming a religion as African derived was dangerous, and the habit of not naming it outlasted the regime.

It is a living tradition with initiated practitioners, and much of its content is transmitted only within initiation. The atlas records its structure and leaves the rest alone.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Catholic identification has fallen to roughly half within two generations while evangelical churches grow; a 1954 concordat with the Holy See remains in force.

Source Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020Pew Research Center

This source names Dominican Republic directly: "kept by the Cocolo community of the Dominican Republic, descendants of English-speaking sugar workers who migrated from the British Caribbean from the mid nineteenth century onward and kept their..."

Source Cocolo (dance) (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names Dominican Republic directly: "Cocolo dance drama tradition of the Dominican Republic, proclaimed 2005 and inscribed 2008, consulted 2026-08-13."

Source Cocolo Dance Drama Tradition, UNESCO Representative List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of HumanityUNESCO Intergovernmental Committee for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage

This source names Dominican Republic directly: "the 16 June 1954 concordat between the Dominican Republic, then under Rafael Trujillo, and the Holy See under Pius XII, which names Catholicism the state religion and grants the Church clergy..."

Sources
1. Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020
Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 2025View the Source
2. The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency)
Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence AgencyView the Source
3. International Religious Freedom Report
United States Department of State, Office of International Religious Freedom, US Department of State, 2023View the Source
4. Concordat of 1954, Dominican Republic (Wikipedia)
The Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition
Oxford University Press, Oxford University Pressdemonym / adjectival formView the Source
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