Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Deities

He Xiangu

Also Known As Ho Hsien-ku (Chinese) The Wade-Giles romanisation, common in older English writing.
Chinese Deities

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The one woman of the Eight Immortals in the standard list, shown carrying a lotus flower or a ladle. The tradition makes her a girl of the Tang period who was told in a dream to eat powdered mica, or in other versions a peach given by a transcendent, after which she needed no ordinary food, could travel great distances in a day and gained foreknowledge. She refused marriage and lived alone in the hills, and was summoned to court but vanished on the way. She is petitioned in matters of the household and is a patron of unmarried women.

Facts
Disputed
Historicity
Legendary: known from narrative tradition, not the historical record 1
He Xiangu is counted among the Eight Immortals and placed by tradition in the Tang dynasty. The Encyclopedia of Taoism, edited by Fabrizio Pregadio (2008), the standard modern reference for Taoist persons and practice, records that several localities in southern China each claim her as a local figure, with differing birthplaces, family details and accounts of her ascension, never reconciled into one canonical biography. The method is documentary and folkloric, comparing the surviving local temple records, gazetteers and hagiographic collections against one another rather than against any single authoritative source, since Taoist immortal biography developed regionally rather than from one original text. Because the variation traces to genuinely independent local cults rather than to the corruption of one original account, her historicity as a single identifiable Tang-period person is recorded as unresolved rather than as a case any one local tradition has settled.
Function
Domain / Function
Awakening and liberation 1
Attributions
Mythic Association
Refused marriage and lived alone in the hills after gaining the power to travel great distances in a day and foreknowledge; summoned to the Tang court, she vanished on the way, and she is petitioned in matters of the household and as a patron of unmarried women. 1
Tradition
Daoism and Chinese folk religion; the one woman of the standard list of Eight Immortals 1
Belief
Theology
Polytheistic: many gods 1
Cult
Attributes and Iconography
He Xiangu is shown carrying a lotus flower or a ladle, the emblem by which she is told apart from the rest of the group. 2
Identity
Gender
Female 1
Origins
Origin of the Name
He Xiangu joins the surname He with xiangu, immortal maiden, marking her in the name itself as the one woman of the standard list. 2
Attestation
Veneration Today
Actively venerated in a living tradition 1
Historicity Detail
The tradition makes her a girl of the Tang period told in a dream to eat powdered mica, or in other versions given a peach by a transcendent, after which she needed no ordinary food. 1
Life
Associated Relic
A lotus flower, sometimes a ladle or a bamboo strainer 2
Learn More
Mica, and a Girl Who Stopped Needing Food

The standard account places He Xiangu in the Tang period, in a village in the south, the daughter of an ordinary family. At about fourteen or fifteen she dreamt of a spirit who told her to grind mica to powder and eat it, and did so. In other versions she is given a peach, or half a peach, by a transcendent she meets in the hills.

What follows is described in physical terms. She became light, needed no ordinary food, and could cross the hills at a speed nobody could match, going out in the morning and returning by evening with wild fruit she had gathered on distant mountains for her mother. She refused marriage and lived alone, and neighbours began coming to her because she could say what would happen and where lost things were.

The end of the story exists in several versions and they share a shape. Her reputation reached the court, in most accounts that of Empress Wu, and she was summoned; she set out, and disappeared on the road. In some tellings she reappears years later above a cloud, in others she is simply gone.

She is drawn as a young woman carrying a lotus on a long stem, sometimes with a ladle or a bamboo strainer instead, and occasionally with a sheng, a mouth organ. The lotus is a Buddhist emblem before it is a Daoist one, and it sits on her without comment, which is normal for the religious world she belongs to.

The One Woman on the Altar

He Xiangu is the only woman in the fixed set of eight, and her presence there is not accidental. The group is arranged to cover the whole range of human condition, rank and age, and a set with no woman in it would have been incomplete by its own logic. Earlier and looser groupings of transcendents sometimes included other women who did not survive into the standard list, and she is the one who did.

Her cult is practical rather than doctrinal. She is petitioned in matters of the household and by unmarried women, and her image appears on domestic decoration far more than in monastic contexts. That is the ordinary shape of a folk cult: the theology sits in the Daoist canon and the actual practice happens at a household shrine on a birthday.

Her biography is best understood as a composite. At least four regions have claimed her as a local girl, in Guangdong, Hunan, Anhui and Zhejiang, each with its own site, its own version of the mica or the peach, and its own account of her disappearance, and the standard life is an amalgam of them assembled once the set of eight was fixed and a single story was needed. The atlas records the composite as the tradition holds it, and records that the local claims differ, which is a more honest description of how a figure like this comes into existence than any single village's version would be.

Correspondences & Relations

Pantheons

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

The Eight Immortals are conventionally assembled at the peach banquet of the Queen Mother of the West.

Source The Encyclopedia of TaoismFabrizio Pregadio (ed.)

Member Of

One of the eight, each with a different emblem and a different road to immortality.

Worshipped In

Taoism, Religions
Source The Encyclopedia of TaoismFabrizio Pregadio (ed.)
Sources
1. The Encyclopedia of Taoism
Fabrizio Pregadio (ed.), Routledge, 2008View the Source
2. A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought
Wolfram Eberhard, Routledge, 1986View the Source
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The atlas records no dated fact of its own for this entry, so there is no other year to choose.