Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Deities

Nanabozho

Also Known As Nanabush · Wenabozho · Manabozho · Nanaboozhoo
Anishinaabe Deities

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Nanabozho is the central figure of the Anishinaabe sacred narratives: the one who names the animals and the plants, who brings the medicines, who is repeatedly ridiculous and repeatedly consequential, and who is both a manidoo and something like a relative. The stories about him are told only when there is snow on the ground.

History & Origin

Nanabozho is credited in widely published Anishinaabe oral literature with re-creating the world after a mythic flood by directing animal helpers to dive for a grain of earth, from which he formed dry land anew on a turtle's back, an earth-diver creation narrative shared in variant forms across many Algonquian speaking peoples and recorded by nineteenth and twentieth century ethnographers.

Facts
Attributions
Mythic Association
Ojibway narrative credits Nanabozho with recreating the earth after a great flood by directing animals to dive for a grain of soil, which he then placed on a turtle's back to grow into the world. 1
Belief
Theology
Animist: persons and powers in land, water and living things 2
Origins
Origin of the Name
Nanabozho's name appears across Ojibwe oral tradition in a wide range of spellings, including Wenabozho, Manabozho and Nanabush, a variation Basil Johnston attributes to the diversity of Ojibwe dialects and to the name's transmission through oral storytelling rather than through any single standardized written form. 2
Practice
Practice Status
Partly restricted: some elements are closed to outsiders 3
The narratives belong to the aadizookaanan and are told only when there is snow on the ground. The atlas describes the figure and does not set the stories out for telling on demand.
Function
Domain / Function
Trickster 1
Cult
Attributes and Iconography
Commonly figured as a hare, sometimes as a man. The hare recurs in related figures across neighbouring Algonquian traditions, which are distinct beings rather than the same one renamed. 2
Position Profile
Key Text
Ojibway Heritage recounts Nanabozho recreating the world's land after a great flood by asking successive animals to dive for mud from beneath the water, a task multiple creatures fail before a muskrat succeeds and dies retrieving a pawful of earth, which Nanabozho spreads across the back of a turtle to form the new land. 1
Sources
Textual Note
Nanabozho is documented across a substantial written record beginning in the nineteenth century, notably in the collections of Ojibwe writer William Whipple Warren and later collectors, as a culture hero and trickster figure credited in the oral tradition with reshaping the earth after a primordial flood. 1
Identity
Gender
Male 1
History
Historical Note
Basil Johnston's published account situates Nanabozho's trickster and teacher stories within the wider Ojibway tradition of the manitous, spirit beings whose stories were told during the winter months as both entertainment and moral instruction for the community. 2
Attestation
Veneration Today
Actively venerated in a living tradition 2
A living figure of a living tradition, met in narrative rather than in cult.
Historicity
Not a historical person: a divine or other-than-human being 2
Disputed
Meaning in the Attesting Source
Some linguists connect the second element of Nanabozho's name to the Ojibwe word for hare, waabooz, which would tie his most common name directly to the hare form in which he is most often depicted, though the etymology is not universally agreed and other readings have been proposed by different scholars working from different dialect records. 2
Learn More
The One Who Named Everything

Nanabozho stands between the manidoog and people, and does the work of an intermediary in both directions. In the narratives he is sent to walk the world and name what is in it, and the naming is not labelling but recognition: he learns what each plant and animal is for, what it can do and what it will and will not give, and the knowledge that results is the knowledge people have. He brings fire. He brings the medicines. Much of what the Anishinaabe know about how to live is knowledge he acquired, usually by asking, sometimes by theft, and frequently by getting it wrong first.

He is also a fool, and the tradition is entirely comfortable with both facts at once. He overreaches, is greedy, is vain, is caught out by his own cleverness, and suffers indignities described in detail and with obvious enjoyment. The stories in which he fails are not a lesser class of story. They carry the instruction, and a figure who was only dignified could not carry it, because the point is frequently that the listener would have done the same thing.

He is commonly figured as a hare, and the hare runs through the related figures in neighbouring Algonquian traditions, though those are distinct beings in distinct traditions rather than the same one under other names.

A flood narrative sits at the centre of the cycle. The world is covered, Nanabozho is on a raft with animals, and one animal dives for earth from the bottom and surfaces dying with a little of it, from which the world is remade.

Winter Telling, and Why the Season Is Not a Custom

The Nanabozho narratives belong to the aadizookaanan, the sacred stories, and those are told only when there is snow on the ground. The rule is stated plainly in Anishinaabe communities and is widely observed, and outsiders regularly mistake it for a quaint seasonal custom, like a song sung at a particular festival.

It is not that. The aadizookaanan are spoken of as beings in their own right rather than as tales about beings, and telling one calls it into the room. The season restriction is about when it is appropriate to do that, and the reasons given include that other beings are listening in summer who are not listening in winter, and that a story told out of season imposes on the teller and the told. A person who breaks the rule is not committing a faux pas; they are doing something with consequences.

That has a direct effect on what a reference work can responsibly do. The atlas describes who Nanabozho is, what kind of figure he is, and what the cycle does, and does not set out the narratives themselves in a form intended to be read aloud on demand in July. Printed collections of the stories exist, many of them made in good faith and some by Anishinaabe writers, and a reader who wants the narratives should go to those and, better, to a community.

Nanabozho is not archived. He is a living figure of a living tradition, and the appropriate posture toward the material is a guest's.

Correspondences & Relations

Pantheons

Cross-Tradition Connections

Instance Of

Manidoo, Deities

A manidoo, and the central figure of the sacred narratives.

Source Ojibway HeritageBasil Johnston

Originates in Language

Ojibwe, Languages

The name is Anishinaabemowin.

Source Ojibway HeritageBasil Johnston

Worshipped In

Addressed in Anishinaabe religion.

Source Ojibway HeritageBasil Johnston
Ojibwe, Cultures

Addressed by the Ojibwe and related Anishinaabe peoples.

Source Ojibway HeritageBasil Johnston
Sources
1. Ojibway Heritage
Basil Johnston, McClelland and Stewart, 1976View the Source
2. The Manitous: The Spiritual World of the Ojibway
Basil Johnston, HarperCollins, 1995View the Source
3. Chippewa Customs
Frances Densmore, Bureau of American Ethnology, Bulletin 86, 1929
The Midewiwin or Grand Medicine Society of the Ojibwa
Walter James Hoffman, Bureau of American Ethnology, Government Printing Office, 1891View the Source
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