Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Historical Figures

Emanuel Swedenborg

Also Known As Swedenborg
Occultists, Magicians & Esotericists

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A Swedish scientist and engineer of great distinction who, in midlife, underwent a spiritual crisis and claimed to travel in vision through heaven and hell and to converse with angels and spirits. His voluminous theological works describe a spiritual world governed by correspondences and a new revelation of Christianity. His visions influenced Romanticism, spiritualism, and modern esotericism.

Facts
Attestation
Historicity
Historically attested 1
Origins
Place of Origin
Stockholm 1
Identity
Gender
Male 1
Life
Lifespan or Floruit
1688 to 1772 1
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Two Careers, and a Hinge in 1744

The first career would be enough for most reputations. Swedenborg was assessor of the Swedish Board of Mines, sat in the House of Nobles, and published on algebra, metallurgy, cosmology, and anatomy, his work on the brain and the nervous system was serious enough that later physiologists credited him with anticipating the function of the cerebral cortex and the ductless glands. He designed machines, proposed a nebular hypothesis, and was by any measure a leading figure of the Swedish Enlightenment.

Between 1744 and 1745 he went through a crisis of dreams and visions, recorded in a private journal he never published, which culminated in what he described as a direct commission from Christ. He gave up scientific publication and spent the remaining twenty-seven years writing theology.

The claim on which everything after rests is that his spiritual senses were opened, that he was permitted to move freely in heaven and hell and to converse with angels and spirits daily, and that his description of the spiritual world is a report. He was calm about it, wrote in dry Latin prose, and lived an outwardly ordinary and respectable life throughout, there is no evidence of derangement in his affairs, which is part of what makes him hard to dismiss and impossible to verify. Kant took the trouble to write a whole book about him without settling the question.

The doctrine of correspondences is his most transmitted idea: every natural thing corresponds to a spiritual reality, so the sensible world is a language, and scripture has an internal sense throughout. Through Blake, Coleridge, Emerson, Baudelaire and the Symbolists it became one of the load-bearing ideas of nineteenth-century literature, and through the New Church, spiritualism and the later occult revival it reached the esoteric tradition. He founded no church himself; the New Church was organised by readers after his death.

Correspondences, and a Church He Never Founded

The doctrine that organises all of Swedenborg's theology is correspondence: everything in nature answers to something in the spiritual world, not by metaphor but by constitution, effects below corresponding to causes above. Scripture, on this account, is written entirely in correspondences, so that the literal narratives of Genesis or Exodus carry an unbroken internal sense about the regeneration of the soul, which his Arcana Coelestia undertakes to decode verse by verse. Heaven and hell, in the book of that name, are not assigned but chosen: after death every spirit gravitates to the society of those whose ruling love matches its own, and the Lord casts no one out. Angels and devils alike are former humans; marriage love continues in heaven; and all heaven together has the form of one grand human. He announced a Last Judgment as an event he had witnessed in the spiritual world in 1757, inaugurating a new Christian era without disturbing the visible sky.

Through all this Swedenborg remained a communicant Lutheran and organised nothing. The institutions came later: readers in England gathered after his death, and in 1787 a separate New Church held its first services in London, ordaining ministers and eventually carrying the teachings to America, where a general convention formed in 1817. The posthumous church remains small; the diffuse influence, on Blake, on Emerson, on spiritualism, and on the very idea that the other world is structured and describable, has been immense.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Belongs to Tradition

Related To

Swedenborg's visionary cosmology is one of the currents Theosophy drew together, and he is claimed as a forerunner more often than he is read.

In the Other Atlases
Sources
1. The Western Esoteric Traditions: A Historical Introduction
Nicholas Goodrick-Clarke, Oxford University Press, 2008ch. on SwedenborgView the Source
Swedenborg's Secret: A Biography
Lars Bergquist, Swedenborg Society, 2005On the crisis of 1744-45 and the two careers
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