Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Mantras

Maha Mrityunjaya Mantra

mah-HAH mrit-yoon-JY-ah MAHN-trah
Hinduism Mantras

Citation Formats

General Reference

APA Style

BibTeX

Origin A Rig Vedic verse of the second millennium BCE

Called the great death-conquering mantra and recited over the sick and the dying. The Vedic verse addresses Tryambaka, the three-eyed one, an epithet of Rudra later read as Shiva; the identification is traditional rather than something the Rig Veda states. The gourd simile is the crux and its translation is disputed, turning on whether urvaruka is loosed from the stem when ripe or cut from it, and therefore on whether release is asked for as natural or as rescue. The last words ask for freedom from death but expressly not from amrita, deathlessness.

Facts
Origins
Origin Period
A Rig Vedic verse of the second millennium BCE 1
Origin Period
The healing and life-extending application is later 1
Language
Vedic Sanskrit 1
Practice
Who Performs It
All adherents of the tradition 1
Frequency
As the occasion requires 1
Recited in illness, before surgery and for protection
Solitary or Communal
Performed by an officiant for a recipient 2
Use
What It Is Used For
Protection against harm 1
What It Is Used For
Healing 1
Form
Type of Mantra
Vedic verse used as a mantra 1
Attributions
Tradition
Hinduism (Shaiva) 1
Learn More
The Great Death-Conquering Verse

The Maha Mrityunjaya, the great death-conquering mantra, is a Vedic verse (Rig Veda 7.59.12, also carried in the Yajurveda) addressed to Tryambaka, the three-eyed one, an epithet of Rudra that later tradition reads as Shiva. Its imagery is agricultural and precise: it asks to be freed from the bondage of death as a ripe cucumber is freed from its stem, not clinging, so that release is figured as a natural loosening rather than a violent break. It prays for nourishment and long life while accepting the eventual parting.

In practice it is recited over the sick and the dying, at times of danger, and as a general protective and healing formula, often repeated in counts of 108 on a rosary (mala). Because it is a canonical Vedic verse rather than a later composition, it carries the authority the tradition attaches to shruti, revealed sound, and it is one of the most widely used of the Vedic mantras that have passed into everyday devotional life. Its power is held to lie as much in the exact sound of the recitation as in the meaning, which is the general premise of mantra in the Indian traditions.

The Melon Vine and the Argument Over Its Meaning

The verse is Vedic, not later devotional writing: it stands at Rig Veda 7.59.12, in the family book associated with the Vasishtha lineage, and is repeated with small variation at Vajasaneyi Samhita 3.60 in the White Yajur Veda. That double attestation across two of the four Vedic collections is part of why tradition treats it as archaic and especially potent, since most Vedic verses belong to one collection alone. Transmission followed the ordinary Vedic path for over two thousand years before it reached a devotional audience: reciters trained in a shakha, one of the surviving Vedic recensions, memorized it with its full accent marking, the udatta and anudatta pitch tones that distinguish correct recitation from mere words, and passed it teacher to student by ear long before it was ever set down in writing. Only in the last two centuries has it moved into printed prayer books, temple pamphlets and now recordings, stripped in nearly every popular version of the accent marks a Vedic pandit would still expect.

The argument among translators sits in one image: urvarukam iva bandhanan, the cucumber, or by some readings a bitter gourd or melon, released from its bandhana, its binding or stalk. One camp reads it as a plea for the fruit to be freed while still unripe, an urgent request for rescue. The more common Vedic reading takes it the other way: a ripe cucumber falls from the vine on its own, without force, and the prayer asks for that kind of death, a release like the ripe fruit's, not an escape from death altogether. Mamritat, at the end, is split between renderings: not from immortality and towards immortality are both defensible, and the difference changes whether the verse asks to be spared or to be perfected.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Addressed To

Rudra, Deities

Addresses Tryambaka, the three eyed one, an epithet of Rudra, later identified with Shiva.

Source The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of IndiaStephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton

Attested In

Rig Veda 7.59.12, repeated at Vajasaneyi Samhita 3.60.

Source The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of IndiaStephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton

Belongs to Tradition

Hinduism, Religions

Derived from the tradition recorded on the mantra, Hinduism (Shaiva).

Element Of

Recited over the sick and the dying, addressed to Shiva as the three-eyed one.

Originates in Language

The mantra is transmitted in Vedic Sanskrit.

Related To

The Mahamrityunjaya Prayer and the Maha Mrityunjaya Mantra catalogue the same death-conquering Vedic verse addressed to Shiva as Tryambaka.

Source The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of IndiaStephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton
Sources
1. The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India
Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton, Oxford University Press, 2014Rig Veda 7.59.12, and the note on the urvaruka simileView the Source
1. The Rigveda: The Earliest Religious Poetry of India
Stephanie W. Jamison and Joel P. Brereton, Oxford University Press, 2014Jamison and Brereton, The Rigveda 7.59.12View the Source
2. Mantra
Harvey P. Alper, editor, State University of New York Press, 1989Alper (ed.), Mantra
Comments (0)
No comments yet. Be the first to share a thought.
Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)
No disputes yet. Spotted an error or a better source? Open the first one.

View At A Past Year

The atlas records no dated fact of its own for this entry, so there is no other year to choose.