Samhain, 31 October

Samhain falls on the thirty first of October, the last and by tradition the most significant of the four Gaelic cross quarter fire festivals, marking the end of the harvest and the start of winter in the older Gaelic year. Early Irish literature associates the festival with a belief that the boundary between the world of the living and the world of the dead grew thin at this point in the year, a theme running through several medieval Irish tales set at Samhain in which supernatural incursions into the human world are a recurring device.

The relationship between Samhain and the Christian observance of All Hallows Eve and All Saints, which fall on the same date and the day after, is genuinely debated among historians rather than a settled case of direct Christianization, with some scholars treating the proximity as more coincidental than causal. What is better documented is the twentieth century revival that folded Samhain into modern Wicca and Neopaganism as the final and, in most reconstructions, most significant of the eight Wheel of the Year sabbats, sometimes described in that modern context as a Celtic new year, a framing that reflects contemporary reconstruction rather than a claim made in the surviving medieval sources themselves.