Romans 3:23-24

Martin Brecht's biography places verses like these at the center of the theological crisis that split western Christianity. Luther, reading Paul's letter to the Romans as a professor at Wittenberg, fixed on the claim that a person is justified freely, as a gift, through grace, and concluded that the righteousness God required was not something a believer earned through penance and merit but something given outright and received by faith. That reading, worked out across his lectures on Romans before it appeared in his later polemical writings, became the doctrinal center of the break with Rome, which had taught that grace initiates salvation but that a person's own cooperation and good works remain necessary to it.

The dispute over what this passage means outlasted the Reformation itself by more than four centuries. In 1999 the Lutheran World Federation and the Roman Catholic Church's Pontifical Council for Promoting Christian Unity signed a Joint Declaration on the Doctrine of Justification, stating that they now share a common understanding of justification by grace through faith sufficient to lift the mutual condemnations the sixteenth century pronounced against each other's teaching. The declaration is explicit that it settles this shared understanding rather than every remaining difference over merit, the sacraments or church authority, so the fight this verse started closed on narrower terms than it opened on.