Sources

Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary

Citation Formats

General Reference

Divinity Atlas. "Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary." Accessed August 30, 2026. https://divinity.interactivelion.com/sources/gods-demons-and-symbols-of-ancient-mesopotamia-an-illustrated-dictionary.

APA Style

Divinity Atlas. (n.d.). Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary. Retrieved August 30, 2026, from https://divinity.interactivelion.com/sources/gods-demons-and-symbols-of-ancient-mesopotamia-an-illustrated-dictionary

BibTeX

@misc{divinityatlas-gods-demons-and-symbols-of-ancient-mesop,
  author = {Divinity Atlas},
  title = {Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated Dictionary},
  year = {2026},
  url = {https://divinity.interactivelion.com/sources/gods-demons-and-symbols-of-ancient-mesopotamia-an-illustrated-dictionary},
  note = {Accessed August 30, 2026}
}

Jeremy Black and Anthony Green's dictionary works entry by entry from the excavated iconographic and textual record of Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian religion, giving each deity, demon or symbol as that specific archaeological and textual evidence documents it. This record has not independently traced a documented history of scholarly disagreement with any individual entry. Use it for established facts about a specific Mesopotamian deity, demon or religious symbol as recorded in the excavated evidence; a live archaeological dispute about a specific find may have moved past what any one entry here records.

Facts

Assessment

Reliability Tier

Jeremy Black and Anthony Green's dictionary, working entry by entry from the excavated iconographic and textual record of Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian religion, giving each deity, demon or symbol as that specific archaeological and textual evidence documents it.

Notes

Standard illustrated reference dictionary of Mesopotamian religion, covering deities, demons, symbols and iconography of ancient Sumer, Babylonia and Assyria. Use for established facts about Mesopotamian gods, demons and religious symbolism.

Citation

Author

Jeremy Black and Anthony Green

Publisher

British Museum Press

Publication Year

1992

Source Type

reference

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Assyrians

This source names Assyrians directly: "Jeremy Black and Anthony Green's dictionary works entry by entry from the excavated iconographic and textual record of Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian religion, giving each deity, demon or symbol..."

Source Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated DictionaryJeremy Black and Anthony Green

Babylonians

This source names Babylonians directly: "Jeremy Black and Anthony Green's dictionary works entry by entry from the excavated iconographic and textual record of Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian religion, giving each deity, demon or symbol..."

Source Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated DictionaryJeremy Black and Anthony Green

Mesopotamians

This source names Mesopotamians directly: "Jeremy Black and Anthony Green's dictionary works entry by entry from the excavated iconographic and textual record of Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian religion, giving each deity, demon or symbol..."

Source Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated DictionaryJeremy Black and Anthony Green

Sumerians

This source names Sumerians directly: "Jeremy Black and Anthony Green's dictionary works entry by entry from the excavated iconographic and textual record of Sumerian, Babylonian and Assyrian religion, giving each deity, demon or symbol..."

Source Gods, Demons and Symbols of Ancient Mesopotamia: An Illustrated DictionaryJeremy Black and Anthony Green

Claims Backed By This Source (389 claims)

This source backs 389 claims across the atlas. As facts: 227 well-attested, 9 scholarly debate, 3 open question. As cited relationships: 84 holds, 2 connected. Plus 64 entities citing it as a general reference with no single fact or relationship attached.

Disposition By Topic

Deities, 122 claims: 64 well-attested, 6 scholarly debate, 1 open question, 31 holds, 20 general references.
Rituals, 80 claims: 58 well-attested, 12 holds, 10 general references.
Open Questions, 25 claims: 19 well-attested, 2 holds, 1 connected, 3 general references.
Articles, 22 claims: 20 well-attested, 1 connected, 1 general references.
Mythical Creatures, 22 claims: 5 well-attested, 2 scholarly debate, 13 holds, 2 general references.
Sacred Sites, 16 claims: 9 well-attested, 1 open question, 4 holds, 2 general references.
Cultures, 14 claims: 8 well-attested, 2 holds, 4 general references.
Holidays & Festivals, 14 claims: 7 well-attested, 5 holds, 2 general references.
Sources, 11 claims: 7 well-attested, 4 holds.
Practices, 10 claims: 9 well-attested, 1 general references.
Religious Organization & Structure, 9 claims: 5 well-attested, 3 holds, 1 general references.
Religious Roles & Titles, 8 claims: 4 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 2 holds, 1 general references.
Bodies of Water, 7 claims: 2 well-attested, 4 holds, 1 general references.
Cities, 5 claims: 3 well-attested, 2 general references.
Sacred Architecture, 5 claims: 3 well-attested, 1 holds, 1 general references.
Historical Figures, 3 claims: 1 open question, 2 general references.
Sacred Objects & Ritual Items, 3 claims: 2 well-attested, 1 general references.
Animals & Totems, 2 claims: 1 well-attested, 1 general references.
Doctrines, 2 claims: 2 general references.
Regions, 2 claims: 1 well-attested, 1 general references.
Religious Dress & Vestments, 2 claims: 1 holds, 1 general references.
Beliefs & Restrictions, 1 claims: 1 general references.
Hymns & Liturgical Texts, 1 claims: 1 general references.
Plants, 1 claims: 1 general references.
Realms, 1 claims: 1 general references.
Religious Offices, 1 claims: 1 general references.