9/11 Commission Staff Monograph on Terrorist Financing (National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States, 2004)

The staff monograph on terrorist financing prepared for the US National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States (the 9/11 Commission), which found that Osama bin Laden did not personally bankroll al-Qaeda from a large inherited fortune, that his own income from family sources was roughly one million US dollars a year between 1970 and 1994, and that al-Qaeda's pre-9/11 running costs, estimated by the CIA at about 30 million US dollars a year, were raised almost entirely through donations and diverted charitable funds rather than from bin Laden's personal wealth.