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Laylat al-Qadr

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The Night of Power, on which the Qur'an says its own revelation began, and which it calls better than a thousand months. Its date is deliberately unsettled. The Prophet is reported to have told the community to seek it among the odd nights of the final ten of Ramadan, and the near-universal keeping of the twenty-seventh is a convention rather than a certainty. Mosques fill for long night prayer and complete recitations of the Qur'an; many keep itikaf, secluding themselves in the mosque for the last ten days. Because the Islamic year is purely lunar and unintercalated, the night moves back through the seasons by about eleven days a year.

Facts
Reckoning
Calendar System
Islamic Hijri (lunar) 1
Date Rule
An odd-numbered night among the last ten of Ramadan 1
Date Rule
Most widely kept on the night of the 27th 1
Fixed or Movable
Set by observation or authority within a window 1
Origins
Era of Composition
610 to 632 CE 1
Observance
Observance Type
Vigil / night observance 1
Learn More
The Night Better Than a Thousand Months

Laylat al-Qadr, the "Night of Power" or "Night of Decree", is the night on which, the Qur'an says, its own revelation began, and which Surah 97 calls "better than a thousand months", a night on which the angels and the Spirit descend and which is peace until dawn. It is understood as the holiest night of the year, on which, in a widespread interpretation, the divine decrees for the year ahead are affirmed, and prayer on it is held to carry immense weight.

Its exact date is deliberately unsettled. The Prophet is reported to have told the community to seek it among the odd nights of the last ten of Ramadan, and the near-universal keeping of the twenty-seventh is a strong convention rather than a certainty; the hiddenness is often explained as an encouragement to devote the whole final ten days to worship. Mosques fill for long night prayer (qiyam) and complete recitations of the Qur'an, and many observe i'tikaf, secluding themselves in the mosque for the last ten days. Because the Islamic year is purely lunar and never intercalated, the night, with the whole of Ramadan, moves back through the solar seasons by about eleven days each year.

How the Uncertain Night Still Gets a Fixed Public Observance

Despite the deliberate scriptural and prophetic ambiguity about the night's exact date, many majority-Muslim countries and communities have settled into treating the twenty-seventh of Ramadan as the effective public occasion regardless, and it is that night, rather than any of the other odd nights the hadith commend, that draws by far the largest crowds to major mosques, including exceptionally large broadcast gatherings at the Grand Mosque in Mecca, where recitation and prayer on the night are televised across much of the Muslim world.

Local custom has layered its own specific observances onto the twenty-seventh in various places, including in parts of Indonesia and Malaysia, where communities light rows of oil lamps or torches along streets and outside homes on the night, known in some Javanese communities as Malam Selikur, a regional custom of illumination that exists alongside, rather than as part of, the core scriptural instruction to seek the night through prayer and recitation, illustrating how a deliberately unfixed and interior spiritual instruction can still generate specific, locally distinctive and highly visible public customs over time.

Classical jurists differed on which single night was likeliest even within the favoured last ten days: many Shafi'i scholars leaned toward the twenty-seventh, the night now kept almost everywhere, while other authorities argued for the twenty-first, twenty-third or twenty-ninth, or held that the night rotates unpredictably from year to year specifically so that believers cannot simply keep one night and neglect the rest of the final ten, a scholarly disagreement that the popular convention around the twenty-seventh has largely, though not universally, settled in practice.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Laylat al-Qadr is the traditional date of the revelation.

Belongs to Tradition

Islam, Religions
Source The Qur'an

Element Of

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)
Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

Held Differently

Jafari School, Schools of Religious Law

Twelvers keep the night of power over the nineteenth, twenty first and twenty third nights of Ramadan. The nineteenth is also the night Ali was struck in the mosque at Kufa.

Found In

Laylat al-Qadr is observed within the last ten nights of Ramadan on the Hijri calendar.

Sources
1. The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd edition
P. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.), Brill, 2005s.v. Laylat al-KadrView the Source
The Qur'an
Surah 97 al-Qadr; Surah 44:3-4View the Source
Religious Celebrations: An Encyclopedia of Holidays, Festivals, Solemn Observances, and Spiritual Commemorations
J. Gordon Melton (editor), ABC-CLIO, 2011The odd nights and the twenty-seventhView the Source
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