Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Myths & Sacred Narratives

The Creation by Izanagi and Izanami

Creation Myths

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The primordial siblings and spouses Izanagi and Izanami stir the primeval brine with a jeweled spear to form the first island, then marry and generate the islands of Japan and a host of nature deities. Izanami dies bearing the fire god and Izanagi follows her into the underworld Yomi to retrieve her, fleeing in horror at what he finds; purifying himself afterward, the sun goddess Amaterasu, the moon god Tsukuyomi, and the storm god Susanoo are born from the washing of his eyes and nose.

Facts
History
Historical Note
Before Izanami's death, the couple's first attempt at procreation fails: the deity Hiruko, born without proper form because Izanami, the female, spoke first in their marriage ritual rather than Izanagi, is set adrift in a reed boat, and the pair must repeat the ritual correctly, this time with Izanagi speaking first, before viable offspring follow. 2
Historical Note
Fleeing Yomi, Izanagi seals its entrance with a massive boulder; across it he and Izanami exchange a mutual divorce, she vowing to kill a thousand of his people each day and he vowing to cause a thousand and five hundred to be born, an exchange offered as the myth's explanation for mortality itself. 2
Historical Note
Izanagi's subsequent purification of himself in a river after leaving Yomi, during which Amaterasu, Susanoo and Tsukuyomi are born from the washing of his eyes and nose, is treated in Shinto practice as the mythic origin of misogi, ritual purification by water. 2
Text
Source Text
Kojiki (712 CE) and Nihon Shoki (720 CE) 2
Scholarship and Forensics
Scholarly Note
In grief and rage at Izanami's death, Izanagi beheads the newborn fire god Kagutsuchi with his sword, and further deities, among them mountain and thunder gods, are said to spring from the blood on the blade and from the god's dismembered body, a secondary creation-through-violence episode distinct from the couple's earlier peaceful island-making. 2
Scholarly Note
Izanagi's failed rescue of Izanami from the land of Yomi, in which he breaks his promise not to look at her and flees a horrified, decayed goddess, is often compared by scholars of comparative mythology to the Greek story of Orpheus and Eurydice as an independent instance of the same failed-underworld-rescue mytheme. 2
Meaning
Central Motif
Failed underworld rescue and purification birthing new deities 1
Controversy
Point in Dispute
The Kojiki and Nihon Shoki, Japan's two earliest chronicles compiled within a decade of each other, differ on some details of the creation episode, including the exact order in which the primordial deities appear. 2
Sources
Primary Source
The Kojiki, compiled in 712 CE by O no Yasumaro from material recited by Hieda no Are, and the Nihon Shoki, completed eight years later in 720 CE under imperial commission, are the two earliest surviving written accounts, and both stand at one remove from whatever oral tradition preceded them. 2
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Stirring the Brine and the First Islands

Standing on the Floating Bridge of Heaven, the divine siblings Izanagi and Izanami are given a jeweled spear by the elder gods and told to solidify the drifting, unformed land below. Lowering the spear and stirring the brine beneath them, they lift it out again, and the brine dripping from its tip congeals into the first solid ground, the island of Onogoro. Descending to the new island, they raise a great pillar and build a palace, and Izanagi proposes that they circle the pillar in opposite directions and marry when they meet. When they meet and Izanami, the female, speaks first in greeting, the marriage produces only misshapen offspring, the boneless leech child Hiruko, who is set adrift in a reed boat, and a small foam island, neither of which is counted among their true children.

Consulting the heavenly deities, the couple learn the fault lay in Izanami speaking before Izanagi in the marriage ritual. Repeating the ceremony correctly around the pillar, with Izanagi speaking first, they conceive successfully, and from their union come the many islands that make up Japan, followed by a great host of deities governing the sea, rivers, mountains, wind, trees, and the other features and forces of the natural world.

Death in Childbirth and the Journey to Yomi

Izanami dies giving birth to the fire god Kagutsuchi, her body fatally burned in the delivery, and passes into the underworld realm of Yomi. Overcome with grief and rage, Izanagi beheads the infant fire god with his sword, and from the blood scattered on the rocks and from Kagutsuchi's dismembered body a further series of deities come into being. Unable to accept his wife's death, Izanagi follows her down into Yomi to plead with her to return to the world of the living.

Izanami, speaking to him from within the darkened hall, warns him not to look at her, explaining she has already eaten the food of Yomi and can no longer easily leave, but agrees to try to persuade the gods of the underworld to release her if he waits outside without looking. Izanagi's patience fails, and lighting a broken tooth of his comb as a torch, he looks in and sees Izanami's body already decayed and crawling with the eight gods of thunder that had formed from her corpse's putrefaction. Horrified, he flees; Izanami, enraged, sends demons and finally comes herself in pursuit, and Izanagi escapes only by sealing the pass out of Yomi with a massive boulder. Purifying himself afterward by bathing in a river, the sun goddess Amaterasu, the moon god Tsukuyomi, and the storm god Susanoo are born from the washing of his left eye, right eye, and nose.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Izanagi, Deities
Source The Kojiki: Records of Ancient MattersBasil Hall Chamberlain
Izanami, Deities
Source The Kojiki: Records of Ancient MattersBasil Hall Chamberlain

Belongs to Tradition

Shinto, Religions

Originated In

Japan, Regions
Source The Kojiki: Records of Ancient MattersBasil Hall Chamberlain
Sources
1. Nihongi: Chronicles of Japan from the Earliest Times to A.D. 697
W. G. Aston (translator), Kegan Paul, 1896View the Source
2. The Kojiki: Records of Ancient Matters
Basil Hall Chamberlain, Asiatic Society of Japan / Internet Sacred Text Archive, 1919View the Source
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