Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Passages

Yasna 30.3 (Mills, SBE 31)

Avesta

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The verse on which the whole question of Zoroastrian dualism turns. The Gathas are the oldest and most difficult layer of the Avesta and every translation of them is heavily reconstructed; Mills' round brackets mark words he supplied, and they are kept here because they are the honest part of the edition. Whether the two spirits are coeval or both derive from Ahura Mazda is the central dispute of Zoroastrian theology, and this verse is the evidence on both sides.

Facts
Passage
Text
Thus are the primeval spirits who as a pair (combining their opposite strivings), and (yet each) independent in his action, have been famed (of old). (They are) a better thing, they two, and a worse, as to thought, as to word, and as to deed. And between these two let the wisely acting choose aright. 1
Reference
Yasna 30.3 (Mills, SBE 31) 1
Reference Scheme
Collection, Book, Section 1
Translation
Translation
The Zend-Avesta, Part III: the Yasna (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 31) 1
Translator
L. H. Mills 1
Meaning
Theme
good and evil 1
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The Verse Both Sides of a Theological Split Read as Their Own

Mary Boyce's scholarship on the Zoroastrian textual tradition treats this verse as the pivot of a dispute that split the religion for centuries rather than a settled point of doctrine. Read one way, the two spirits named here, the better and the worse, are independent and coeval, each choosing its own nature freely, the reading that became orthodox Zoroastrian dualism, good and evil as two real, underived principles locked in real contest, with the outcome genuinely open until the world's final restoration.

A rival reading, associated with the Zurvanite movement that flourished especially under the Sasanian empire, held that both spirits derive from a prior principle, Zurvan, time itself, making the two spirits twins born from one source rather than independent from the start, a move that answered an uncomfortable question, if God is wholly good, where does the possibility of evil's opposite spirit come from, at the cost of making the ultimate principle behind the universe morally neutral rather than good. Zurvanism lost ground after the Arab conquest ended Sasanian patronage and the priesthood that had preserved its texts, and the surviving Zoroastrian tradition today generally holds the dualist reading Boyce's sources present as the older and more textually direct one, though the dispute this verse generated shaped Zoroastrian theology through the whole of the tradition's classical period.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Ahura Mazda, Deities

This source names Ahura Mazda directly: "Whether the two spirits are coeval or both derive from Ahura Mazda is the central dispute of Zoroastrian theology, and this verse is the evidence on both sides."

Concerns

Passage Of

Sources
1. The Zend-Avesta, Part III: the Yasna, Visparad, Afrinagan, Gahs (Sacred Books of the East, vol. 31)
L. H. Mills, Clarendon Press / Internet Sacred Text Archive, 1887Yasna 30.3 (Mills, SBE 31)View the Source
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