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African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church

Christianity

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Origin 1796 to 1821

The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church grew from a congregation organized in 1796 by Black members who withdrew from New York City's John Street Methodist Episcopal Church over discriminatory treatment. Its members built Zion Chapel in 1800, and the congregation formally constituted itself as an independent denomination in 1821 under James Varick, its first superintendent, later styled bishop. Nicknamed the Freedom Church for its deep ties to the abolitionist movement, its headquarters are today located in Charlotte, North Carolina, and its congregations extend across the United States, Africa, and the Caribbean.

Facts
Belief
Defining Doctrinal PositionSourced to the subject's own account
Trinitarian: one God in three persons 1Tradition: Christianity
Doctrinal StandardsSourced to the subject's own account
The Methodist doctrinal standards, with the Nicene and the Apostles Creeds. 1
Position on Entire SanctificationSourced to the subject's own account
Held in the Wesleyan sense of perfect love, and preached throughout the connexion by Julia A. J. Foote, whose ministry tied the Holiness revival and the ordination of women together in one career. 1
Position on Sexuality
Same-sex sexual relationships are held contrary to teaching; LGBT individuals are welcomed as members but not ordained, and same-sex unions are not blessed 2
The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church's Board of Bishops, meeting at its 1996 quadrennial conference in Washington, D.C., issued a message read to about 1,000 delegates and visitors as the denomination's definitive statement of policy, declaring homosexuality and same-sex marriage morally wrong while stating that the church's position has been, and continues to be, clear on not condemning any of God's children, and that it is the practice of homosexuality that must be condemned.
Sexuality Position Detail
The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church's Board of Bishops met for its quadrennial conference in Washington, D.C. in July 1996 and issued a message read to about 1,000 delegates and visitors, reported as the denomination's definitive statement of policy and direction. The bishops declared homosexuality and same-sex marriages morally wrong, while stating plainly that the church's position has been, and continues to be, clear on not condemning any of God's children, and that it is the practice of homosexuality, not the person, that must be condemned. No source found addresses ordinary church membership for a gay member directly beyond that distinction. 2
Origins
Origin PeriodSourced to the subject's own account
1796 to 1821 1
Place of OriginSourced to the subject's own account
New York City, New York 1
FounderSourced to the subject's own account
James Varick (c. 1750-1827) 1
History
Separation or DivergenceSourced to the subject's own account
John Street Methodist Episcopal Church, New York City, over segregated seating and the refusal to ordain Black preachers 1
Date of SeparationSourced to the subject's own account
from 1796 1
Status
Status TodaySourced to the subject's own account
Living tradition, practised today 1
Trajectory
Membership Over TimeSourced to the subject's own account
The Annual Cyclopedia recorded 164,000 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church members in 1868, a rapid rise from about 42,000 two years earlier, as the church sent missionaries into the South after the Civil War. This is a church-reported membership roll. 1
Membership Over Time
The World Methodist Council's own statistical table, compiled for the 2011 to 2016 reporting period, recorded 1,432,795 African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church members, a church-reported count submitted by the denomination itself. 3
Membership Figure As OfSourced to the subject's own account
1868-01-01 1
Membership Figure As Of
2016-01-01 3
Basis of the Membership Figure
Church-Reported Rolls 3
Organisation
Governance
Connexional: congregations bound in a conference with itinerant ministry 1
Sourced to the subject's own accountConnexional: bishops oversee episcopal districts and annual conferences, with church law set by a quadrennial General Conference
Episcopal TenureSourced to the subject's own account
Bishops are elected by the General Conference, which is the supreme administrative body of the church, and govern collectively as a Board of Bishops between its sessions. 1
Ordination
Open to women and men 1
Sourced to the subject's own accountOrdains women to the itinerant ministry
Practice
Liturgical LanguageSourced to the subject's own account
The vernacular 1
Reach
Adherents TodaySourced to the subject's own account
1,500,000 1
Open Questions
Institutional Wealth or Finances
A commonly reported figure describes the denominations Connectional Budget Department paying off a refinanced 3.9 million dollar loan tied to its Charlotte, North Carolina headquarters complex by 2021.
That reporting could not be independently confirmed by fetching the original article in this research pass, so no verified total-assets or annual-budget figure is recorded here.
Financial Disclosure Regime
The church maintains an internal Department of Finance and Connectional Budget Department and a General Secretary-Auditors office that publishes departmental audit reports.
No evidence of external regulatory disclosure was located, and no consolidated public financial statement was found or independently verified.
Learn More
Zion, and the Making of the Freedom Church

The roots of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church lie in the same discrimination that produced the AME Church, though the two arose independently in different cities. In New York, Black members of the John Street Methodist Episcopal Church, including the class leader James Varick, grew weary of segregated seating and a refusal to ordain Black preachers, and in 1796 they began worshipping separately, initially still under white Methodist supervision. They built their own building, Zion Chapel, on Church Street in 1800, the origin of the denomination's name. For two more decades the congregation pressed for full independence, and on September 13, 1820, Varick and Abraham Thompson were ordained elders in a decisive break from white oversight; the following year, delegates meeting in New York formally organized the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church and elected Varick its first superintendent, a title soon changed to bishop.

The new denomination quickly became known as the Freedom Church for its deep entanglement with abolitionism. Frederick Douglass preached from its pulpits and was for a time a licensed local preacher in the connexion; Harriet Tubman worshipped and organized within it; and Sojourner Truth was among its members. Zion congregations served as stations on the Underground Railroad, and the denomination was, from its earliest years, a base for Black political organizing as much as a church.

Growth After Emancipation and Today's Connexion

Like the AME Church, the AME Zion Church expanded enormously after the Civil War, sending missionaries into the South to organize the newly freed, and its membership, only about 42,000 in 1866, had nearly quadrupled within two years and continued climbing through the century. The church planted schools alongside congregations, founding Livingstone College in Salisbury, North Carolina, in 1879 to train Black clergy and teachers, a pattern of pairing evangelism with education common to the historic Black Methodist churches.

The AME Zion Church retains the connexional structure of Methodism, organized into episcopal districts under bishops elected by its quadrennial General Conference, with congregations today across the United States and, through nineteenth and twentieth century missions, in West Africa, Southern Africa, and the Caribbean. Its administrative headquarters are in Charlotte, North Carolina, where the denomination relocated its offices in the twentieth century. Membership is most recently reported in the range of roughly one and a half million, and the church remains a member of the World Methodist Council and the World Council of Churches, continuing the tradition of social engagement that marked its earliest history.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church directly: "This is the Wikipedia article on the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, a historically Black Methodist denomination, an open, crowd-edited tertiary reference rather than a scholarly history or..."

Source African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church directly: "The official history page of the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, published on the denomination's own website."

Source Our Church, The A.M.E. Zion Church (amezion.org)The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church

This source names African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church directly: "Methodist Episcopal Church, the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church, the Christian Methodist Episcopal Church, the National Baptist Convention, USA, Incorporated, the National Baptist Convention..."

Source The Black Church in the African American ExperienceC. Eric Lincoln and Lawrence H. Mamiya

Belongs to Tradition

Branch Of

Contained In

Classified as historically Black Protestant tradition per Pew Research Center's 2023-24 Religious Landscape Study.

Critiqued

Seven Sacraments, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The Articles of Religion hold that there are two sacraments ordained of Christ, and that the other five are not to be counted for sacraments of the Gospel.

Veneration of icons, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The Articles name the worshipping and adoration of images and of relics as a fond thing vainly invented.

Veneration of saints and Mary, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The Articles name the invocation of saints in the same place, and Methodist prayer is addressed to God alone.

Derived From

Methodist in doctrine and polity, separated over the treatment of Black worshippers rather than over doctrine.

Source African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Holds Element

A Methodist body whose hymnody descends from the 1780 collection and from the American connexional books built on it.

The music of the Sunday service, and the training ground of a long line of singers.

Carried in the congregations that formed in New York out of the same refusal of segregated seating.

Held Differently

Temperance, Virtues

The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church carries the Methodist reading of temperance as abstinence rather than moderation.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Predestination and free will, Doctrines
Source African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Works of mercy stand beside works of piety in the Methodist account of the Christian life, and neither is optional.

Baptism, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Baptism is administered by sprinkling, pouring or immersion, the mode being left to the person receiving it, which is unusual among the churches that baptise infants.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Baptism is understood as the sign of the new covenant and the beginning of a life of grace to be grown into, not a moment complete in itself.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.

Confirmation, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Confirmation is the profession of faith by which a baptised person is received into full membership, and it is not held to be a sacrament.

Fasting, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Fasting is one of the means of grace, and Wesley kept the Friday fast himself and pressed it on the societies.

Funeral Rites, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The Service of Death and Resurrection is the modern form of the burial office and takes its name from what it is meant to proclaim.

Gloria Patri, Prayers

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.

Holy Orders, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Ordination is to the orders of deacon and elder. The episcopacy is an office to which an elder is elected and consecrated, not a third order, which is the settled Methodist difference from Anglican practice.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Infants are baptised, and the service places the congregation under a vow to nurture the child.

Intinction, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Intinction is the ordinary manner of receiving in many congregations, and it follows from the use of unfermented grape juice in a common cup.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The liturgical colours were retained from the Anglican inheritance and are set out in the modern service books.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The marriage service descends from the Prayer Book by way of Wesley's abridgement of it for the American societies.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Sunday is kept for public worship, and the General Rules bind members to attend upon the ordinances of God.

Prayer, Practices

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. Prayer stands among the means of grace Wesley called the works of piety, alongside searching the scriptures, the Lord's Supper and fasting.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.

The Anaphora, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The Great Thanksgiving is a full anaphora, restored to Methodist worship in the twentieth century after two hundred years in which the Supper was celebrated from a much shorter form.

The denomination's own governing and doctrinal text, first published in 1820 in the same act the church names as its declaration of independence; grounded in the church's own official history page, read directly.

Source Our Church, The A.M.E. Zion Church (amezion.org)The African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church
The Epiclesis, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The Great Thanksgiving carries an explicit invocation of the Holy Spirit on the gifts and on the people, which the sixteenth-century English rite did not.

The Fraction, Rituals

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The breaking of the bread is a distinct action with its own words.

The Grace, Prayers

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The Lord's Supper is celebrated as a means of grace and Wesley pressed constant communion on the societies, though quarterly celebration became the practice for most of Methodist history for want of ordained ministers.

Kept in the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church. The words of institution stand within the Great Thanksgiving.

Kept as Freedom's Eve, from the night of December 31 1862 when congregations waited for the Emancipation Proclamation to take effect at midnight.

Related To

Sources
1. African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, WikipediaWhole articleView the Source
2. NEWS FEATURE: AME Zion Church: AME Zion Bishops Address 'Forces of Good and Evil' (Religion News Service)
Religion News Service, 1996the stated position on sexuality and its supporting detailView the Source
3. Statistical Information
World Methodist CouncilView the Source
The English Hymn: A Critical and Historical Study
J. R. Watson, Oxford University Press, 1997
The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005View the Source
Open Questions (1 open question)
What Is AME Zions Consolidated Total-Assets or Budget Figure?

Reporting outlets and denominational pages carrying a consolidated total-assets or budget figure for the AME Zion Church returned access errors when checked directly; the denomination does not appear to publish a single consolidated financial statement the way some larger denominations do.

What would resolve this A consolidated financial statement, IRS Form 990-equivalent filing or audited annual report published by the African Methodist Episcopal Zion Church's own General Board, or a reporting outlet's successful access to one.
Nonprofit and denominational finance, religious studies
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