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Armenian Apostolic Church

Also Known As Armenian Church · Armenian Orthodox Church
Christianity

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Origin 295 to 301 CE

One of the Oriental Orthodox churches and the national church of Armenia, which it holds to be the first state to adopt Christianity, around 301 CE under King Tiridates III following the preaching of Gregory the Illuminator. It did not accept the Council of Chalcedon of 451, uses a fifth century alphabet devised for its own scripture translation, and is led today by two Catholicoi, at Etchmiadzin and at Antelias.

Facts
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
Miaphysite: one incarnate nature of the Word, divine and human united 2
Position on Sexuality
Same-sex sexual relationships are held contrary to teaching; LGBT individuals are welcomed as members but not ordained, and same-sex unions are not blessed 4
Sourced to the subject's own accountThe Legal Advisory Committee of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the Armenian Apostolic Church's central see, stated on 9 April 2024 that proposed amendments to Armenia's domestic violence law defined "partner" in a way that did not exclude same-gender persons from being considered partners whose union would be equated with the concept of family, declaring the initiative unacceptable and stating that the family is the union of love between a man and a woman, united in God's will. Neither source read addresses ordinary church membership for a gay member.
Sexuality Position Detail
As Armenia's National Assembly considered amendments to the domestic violence prevention law in April 2024, the Legal Advisory Committee of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, the Armenian Apostolic Church's central see, stated on its own site on 9 April 2024 that the amendments' definition of "partner" did not exclude same-gender persons from being considered partners whose union would in fact be equated with the concept of family. The committee declared the initiative unacceptable, stating that the family is the union of love between a man and a woman, united in God's will, and that the traditional understanding of family is ontologically important to the nation and cannot be negotiable. Independent reporting on 12 April 2024 described the reaction as sharply negative and quoted the church that the traditional understanding of family cannot be a subject of bargaining for the nation. Parliament adopted the amendments regardless, 57 votes to 25 with one abstention. No source found addresses ordinary church membership for a gay member. 5
Observance
Observance Note
Vardan Mamikonian, who died leading Armenian resistance at the 451 Battle of Avarayr, is venerated as a martyr saint 1
Origins
Origin Period
295 to 301 CE 1
Place of Origin
The Kingdom of Armenia 1
Founder
Gregory the Illuminator, who converted King Tiridates III 1
Origin of the Name
Apostolic for the tradition that the apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew first preached in Armenia 2
Practice
Liturgical Language
Classical Armenian (Grabar) 1
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 8
A living national church serving both Armenia and a global diaspora enlarged by the 1915 genocide
Giving
Standing Giving Expectation
The Armenian Apostolic Church distinguishes two tiers of parish membership in North American diaspora practice: baptized communicant members, who have full sacramental standing with no fee attached, and dues-paying (or "voting") members, whose annual payment is a real, fixed, published amount rather than a tithe percentage. St. Peter Armenian Apostolic Church's own membership page states: "Dues-paying members of St. Peter Armenian Apostolic Church must be at least 18 years of age and pay the Annual dues of $150 in order to be in good standing. One must be a dues-paying member to hold an elective office as well as having the privilege to vote at the Annual Parish Assembly." This is one parish's own published rule, not a pan-Armenian canonical text; the underlying two-tier communicant and dues-paying membership structure appears at other Armenian Apostolic parish websites as well, but only St. Peter's own statement was read directly and confirmed, so this fact is scoped to that parish's account rather than claimed as denomination-wide canon law. 9
How the Expectation Is Enforced
Codified Obligation With Consequences 9
Rule Established or Last Changed
2019-01-01 9
History
Separation or DivergenceSourced to the subject's own account
Did not accept the two nature christology defined at the Council of Chalcedon 3
Date of SeparationSourced to the subject's own account
from 451 3
Organisation
Governance
Self-governing churches under patriarchs, deciding in synod 1
Led by two Catholicoi, of All Armenians at Etchmiadzin and of Cilicia at Antelias, plus Patriarchates of Jerusalem and Constantinople
Ordination
Restricted to men 6
Ordination
Married clergy permitted 6
Its own record names it "One of the Oriental Orthodox churches", whose married-parish-clergy structure is uniform across the communion.
Relation to the State
Privileged Never Established 7
Armenia's constitution recognises the exclusive mission of the Armenian Apostolic Holy Church as a national church in the spiritual life, national culture and identity of the Armenian people, while the same constitution keeps religious organisations formally separate from the state, so the church carries no formal establishment despite this named national role.
Trajectory
Membership Over TimeSourced to the subject's own account
Armenia's 2011 national census recorded 2,797,187 people, 92.7 percent of the population, as Armenian Apostolic. 10
Membership Over Time
The 2022 census recorded 2,793,042 people, 95.4 percent of the population, as Armenian Apostolic, a slightly larger share of a smaller total population than 2011. 11
Membership Figure As OfSourced to the subject's own account
2011-01-01 10
Membership Figure As Of
2022-01-01 11
Basis of the Membership Figure
National Census 11
Learn More
The First Christian Nation

Armenian tradition dates the church's founding to the first century missions of the apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew, from whom it takes the name Apostolic, but its decisive moment came in the early fourth century. Gregory the Illuminator, imprisoned for years by King Tiridates III for refusing to worship pagan deities, is credited with converting the king after healing him from an illness attributed to his persecution of Christians. Tiridates then made Christianity the state religion of Armenia around 301, commonly cited as the earliest formal adoption of Christianity by any state, predating the Roman Empire's turn under Constantine by more than a decade.

The church's independence was reinforced by language as much as by politics. Around 405 the monk Mesrop Mashtots devised a dedicated Armenian alphabet, commissioned so scripture and liturgy could be rendered in the vernacular rather than only in Greek or Syriac, and the resulting translation of the Bible is still admired for its literary quality. The alphabet gave Armenian Christianity a textual and educational culture entirely its own, centered on monastic schools that produced chronicles, hymnody and theology for the following fifteen centuries.

Armenia's geographic position between the Byzantine and Persian, later Byzantine and Islamic, worlds made the church a marker of national identity under successive foreign rulers, a role its distinct alphabet and independent doctrine only deepened.

A Church Apart

Like the Coptic and Ethiopian churches, the Armenian church did not accept the Council of Chalcedon's formula of 451 describing two natures, divine and human, united in Christ, holding instead to a miaphysite Christology of one united nature. Armenian bishops were not present at Chalcedon itself, occupied that year with a related but distinct struggle: the Battle of Avarayr, in which Armenian forces resisted Sassanid Persian pressure to abandon Christianity for Zoroastrianism. Vardan Mamikonian, the general who died leading that resistance, is venerated as a martyr saint, and the battle is remembered as a defense of Christian identity even though it was fought the same year theological Chalcedon was deciding the question that would separate Armenia from Byzantine orthodoxy.

The church is led today by two Catholicoi, at Etchmiadzin in Armenia and at Antelias in Lebanon, a division rooted in medieval and early modern political upheaval rather than doctrine, together with two additional Patriarchates, of Jerusalem and of Constantinople, that hold ceremonial primacy without full Catholicos authority.

The Armenian Genocide of 1915, in which Ottoman authorities killed and deported the empire's Armenian population including a large proportion of the church's clergy, scattered survivors across a global diaspora. The church today serves that diaspora as much as Armenia itself, and its cathedrals from Jerusalem to Los Angeles remain central to Armenian communal identity worldwide.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Ani, Cities

Grew into a city remembered for the density of Armenian ecclesiastical architecture built there, the Cathedral of Ani completed in 1001.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

This source names Armenian Apostolic Church directly: "people, identified as followers of the Armenian Apostolic Church according to the Statistical Committee of the Republic of Armenia."

This source names Armenian Apostolic Church directly: "Wikipedia's article on the Armenian Apostolic Church, read directly for this pass, which states the church uses Classical Armenian as its liturgical language, following Saint Mesrop Mashtots'..."

Source Armenian Apostolic Church (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names Armenian Apostolic Church directly: "a sharply negative reaction from the Armenian Apostolic Church because the concept does not exclude the creation of families by same-sex couples."

Dvin, Cities

The catholicos of the Armenian Church resided at Dvin from the fifth century.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

This source names Armenian Apostolic Church directly: "Peter Armenian Apostolic Church stating that dues-paying membership, an annual $150 due for adults, is required for voting rights and eligibility for elective office at the parish, distinct from..."

This source names Armenian Apostolic Church directly: "Etchmiadzin, the central see of the Armenian Apostolic Church, dated 9 April 2024, from its Legal Advisory Committee, opposing proposed amendments to Armenia's domestic violence law."

This source names Armenian Apostolic Church directly: "by Richard Hovannisian, covering the Armenian Apostolic Church within the broader national history rather than as an isolated religious subject."

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

The targeted tradition. This is an Associated With edge to the tradition that was persecuted, not a perpetrator-tradition edge; the perpetrator was the Ottoman state under Sultan Abdul Hamid II.

The seat of the Catholicos of All Armenians and the Mother See of the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

Belongs to Tradition

Branch Of

One of the Oriental Orthodox communion of churches that did not accept the Council of Chalcedon.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Holds Element

The Armenian Apostolic Church is the tradition whose office the sharakan was written for, and the hymn book follows its calendar.

Source The Armenian Neume System of NotationRobert At'ayan

The catholicos of all Armenians at Etchmiadzin is the head of the Armenian church, an office older than the Armenian kingdom that survived it.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

The Armenian church is the eastern tradition that vests its bishops in the western two peaked mitre, adopted through contact with the Latin church in Cilicia and kept ever since.

Held, and the Armenian monasteries were the centres in which the manuscript inheritance of the church was written and kept.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

The Armenian Patriarchate of Jerusalem holds the third of the three major shares, including the chapel of Saint Helena on the way down to the rock-cut cistern.

The Armenian Patriarchate holds the northern transept and defined rights in the grotto, and its processions are fixed by the same arrangement.

The council at Dvin is where the Armenian church put its refusal of Chalcedon on record as an act of its own, rather than leaving it as absence from a meeting it had been unable to attend.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

The third and last of the councils the Armenian church numbers.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

Received as the second of the three councils the Armenian church numbers.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

Received as the first of the three councils the Armenian church numbers, and the Armenian catholicos Aristakes is recorded among those present.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

Rejected Here

The Armenian church did not attend, being at war in the year the council met, and formally refused its definition at Dvin in the following century.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

The Armenian delegation at Florence agreed a decree of union that the Armenian church at home did not receive.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

Held Differently

Trisagion (Hymn), Hymns & Liturgical Texts

The Armenian church attaches to the thrice-holy a clause naming the mystery of the day, so the same hymn says crucified for us on Good Friday and risen from the dead at Easter.

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Almsgiving is tied to the long fasting seasons, which are the longest kept anywhere in Christianity.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Anointing of the sick is kept as a mystery of the church, administered to the living faithful and not reserved to the dying.

The Armenian Apostolic Church traces its founding to the apostles Thaddeus and Bartholomew and maintains its own independent catholicosate, distinct from Constantinople or Rome, since Armenia's conversion in 301 CE.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)
Armenian Rite, Rituals

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Baptism, Rituals

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Baptism is by threefold immersion and is followed at once by chrismation and communion.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Baptism, chrismation and first communion are given together in infancy, as in the Byzantine churches.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Coptic, Ethiopian, Armenian and Syriac churches likewise ordain married parish priests while drawing their bishops from monasteries, and Egyptian desert monasticism is the ancestor of the whole Christian monastic tradition.

The Armenian Church has never separated the Nativity from the Baptism and keeps both together on January 6 as Theophany, so it observes no December 25 Christmas.

Confession, Practices

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Coptic and other Oriental churches keep private confession to a priest, with the Coptic practice of a father of confession, a single priest to whom a person confesses habitually, and absolution before receiving the sacrament.

Confirmation, Rituals

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Chrismation is given with baptism in infancy, using myron consecrated by the patriarch, and is not a separate later rite.

Exorcism, Practices

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Prayers of exorcism belong to the baptismal rite, and the Coptic and Ethiopian churches maintain a living deliverance ministry outside it.

Fasting, Practices

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Coptic and Ethiopian churches keep the longest fasts in Christendom, well over two hundred days a year of vegan abstinence, with nothing eaten until afternoon on fast days, and it is the laity who keep this and not only the clergy.

Funeral Rites, Rituals

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The funeral offices differ by order and by day, and prayer for the dead is offered at the Liturgy.

Gloria Patri, Prayers

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Holy Orders, Rituals

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. A married man may be ordained deacon or presbyter but not bishop, and bishops are drawn from the monasteries.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Coptic, Armenian and Syriac icon traditions are distinct schools with their own canons of proportion and colour, and are not branches of the Byzantine one.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Infants are baptised and receive the full rite of initiation. Coptic custom sets the day at forty for a boy and eighty for a girl.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Each of these churches keeps a full daily office. The Coptic form, the Agpeya, has seven hours and a midnight prayer of three watches.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The marriage rite is a crowning, as in the Byzantine churches, with a distinct anointing of the couple in the Coptic form.

Matins, Practices

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The night office is kept, most fully in the monasteries, and in the Coptic use it is the Midnight Prayer with its three watches.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Tonsure marks entry into the monastic life in the Coptic, Syriac, Armenian and Ethiopian houses alike.

Monastic Vows, Rituals

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The monastic profession of these churches descends directly from the Egyptian desert and is the oldest continuous monastic observance in Christianity.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Sunday is kept as the day of the Resurrection. The Ethiopian and Eritrean churches additionally keep Saturday, which sets them apart from the rest of Christianity.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Pilgrimage, Practices

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, to Lalibela and to the desert monasteries of Egypt is a settled devotion across these churches.

Prayer, Practices

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Prayer follows a fixed daily cycle in each of these churches, the Coptic Agpeya, the Armenian Zhamagirk and the Ethiopian horologion, rather than a single common book.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Coptic, Armenian, Syriac and Ethiopian churches keep the same seven mysteries, likewise baptising, chrismating and communicating infants in one service, each with its own rites and its own reckoning of the details.

Source Komitas and the Patarag (Armenian Prelacy and Komitas Museum)Armenian Prelacy; Komitas Museum; Internet Archive catalogue record

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church.

The Anaphora, Rituals

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Each of these churches has its own family of anaphoras, and the Ethiopian church uses more of them, fourteen in the received collection, than any other in Christendom.

The Epiclesis, Rituals

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The epiclesis follows the institution narrative, as in the Byzantine rite.

The Fraction, Rituals

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The fraction is an extended rite here, with a fraction prayer that varies by season and by anaphora.

Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Each of the Oriental Orthodox churches keeps its own ancient liturgy in its own language, the Coptic of Saint Basil, the Armenian Badarak, the Ethiopian Qeddase, with a substantial fast required beforehand.

Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The institution narrative stands within the anaphora in each of these rites.

Kept on January 6 as the single feast of the Nativity and the Baptism together, the oldest arrangement in the Church and the one the Armenians alone retained.

The church traces its establishment to his reign and to Gregory the Illuminator, whose family held the office of catholicos for generations afterwards.

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Coptic, Armenian and Ethiopian churches keep their own iconographic styles and honour images in worship, though they were not party to the seventh council at which the East settled the question, having separated in the fifth century.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The Coptic and Ethiopian churches keep an unusually heavy Marian devotion, with monthly as well as annual feasts and widely reported apparitions such as Zeitoun in 1968, and honour their own martyrs, of whom the Coptic calendar counts very many.

Vespers, Practices

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. The evening office is kept daily, and in the Coptic use the Raising of Incense at Vespers precedes the Liturgy of the following morning.

Originates in Language

The Armenian Apostolic Church conducts its liturgy in Classical Armenian (Grabar).

Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)

Persecuted In

Position On

Incarnation, Doctrines

The miaphysite definition, held since the rejection of Chalcedon in 451.

Sacred to This Deity

Ani, Cities
Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)
Source The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern TimesRichard G. Hovannisian (ed.)
Sources
1. The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times
Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.), St. Martin's Press, 1997View the Source
2. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005View the Source
3. The Definition of Faith of the Council of Chalcedon
Council of Chalcedon, 451the holders' own accountView the Source
4. Statement of the Legal Advisory Committee of the Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin (Armenian Apostolic Holy Church)
Mother See of Holy Etchmiadzin, 2024the stated position on sexuality and its supporting detailthe holders' own accountView the Source
5. Armenia's Parliament Adopts Controversial Amendments to Domestic Violence Prevention Law (Arminfo)
Arminfo, 2024the stated position on sexuality and its supporting detail, corroborating the church's own statementView the Source
6. Church Vestments: Their Origin and Development
Herbert Norris, J. M. Dent and Sons, 1949
7. International Religious Freedom Report
United States Department of State, Office of International Religious Freedom, US Department of State, 2023View the Source
8. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024View the Source
9. Membership (St. Peter Armenian Apostolic Church)
St. Peter Armenian Apostolic Church (stpeterarmenianchurch.com), 2019View the Source
10. Religion in Armenia (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, Wikipedia, 2026View the Source
11. Armenia 2022 Census: Over 95% Follow Armenian Apostolic Church (Panorama.am)
Panorama.am (PAN), 2025View the Source
The Armenian Neume System of Notation
Robert At'ayan, Curzon Press, 1999
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