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Sacred Correspondences
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Pilgrimage

Devotional Practices

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Origin Journeys to a holy place are attested in the ancient Near East, India and the Mediterranean

A journey to a sacred place undertaken as an act of devotion, penance, thanksgiving, or petition, found in most religious traditions. The destination, a shrine, temple, holy city, tomb, or site of revelation, is held to be charged with sacred presence or history. Pilgrims often prepare through prayer and purification, travel in hardship or simplicity, and perform set rites on arrival, such as circling a shrine, bathing, or venerating relics. Great pilgrimages include the Muslim Hajj to Mecca, Hindu bathing in the Ganges, Christian journeys to Jerusalem, Rome, or Santiago, and Buddhist visits to sites of the Buddha's life. The journey marks a spiritual passage.

Facts
Practice
Category of Practice
Pilgrimage denotes a journey undertaken to a place regarded as sacred, whether to fulfil an obligation, seek healing or blessing, or mark a significant point in religious life, and it is attested across nearly every major world religious tradition. 1
Who Performs It
All adherents of the tradition 1
Obligation
Obligatory on those who meet its conditions 2Tradition: Islam
Frequency
As the occasion requires 1
Solitary or Communal
Performed by a gathered group 1
Observance
Observance Note
Pilgrims commonly prepare through prayer and purification, travel in hardship or simplicity, and perform set rites on arrival such as circling a shrine, bathing, or venerating relics. 1
Origins
Origin Period
Journeys to a holy place are attested in the ancient Near East, India and the Mediterranean 1
Origin Period
No datable origin 1
Status
Current Status
Pilgrimage remains a widely practiced observance across major traditions today, continuing in the Muslim Hajj to Mecca, Hindu bathing in the Ganges, Christian journeys to Jerusalem, Rome and Santiago, and Buddhist visits to sites of the Buddha's life. 1
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 1
Attributions
Tradition
Practiced across many religious traditions as a journey to a sacred place undertaken for spiritual merit, purification or thanksgiving, most codified as an obligation in Islam's Hajj to Mecca but also central to Christianity, Judaism, Hinduism, Buddhism and Sikhism. 1
Scholarship and Forensics
Scholarly Note
The traditions compared here differ in what a pilgrimage is understood to accomplish: petition and thanksgiving predominate in some accounts while others read the journey itself, the hardship, the arrival and the rites performed on site, as the substance of a spiritual passage rather than only a means to a separate end. 1
Learn More
Going, Arriving, Returning

Pilgrimage has a structure that recurs across unrelated traditions with almost suspicious regularity, and it is worth setting out before the differences.

There is a departure that is marked. Muslim pilgrims enter the state of ihram at fixed boundary points outside Mecca, wash, and put on two unsewn white cloths, after which ordinary acts, cutting hair or nails, sex, hunting, quarrelling, are forbidden. Hindu pilgrims take a vow before setting out. Medieval Christian pilgrims received a blessing and a badge, and frequently made a will first, which tells you what the journey was understood to risk.

There is a journey whose difficulty is the point rather than an obstacle to it. Walking is preferred wherever it is possible. Tibetan pilgrims perform full-body prostrations along the entire route, measuring hundreds of miles in body-lengths. The Shikoku circuit in Japan runs to eighty-eight temples over roughly twelve hundred kilometres.

There is an arrival with prescribed acts, and two of them are strikingly widespread. Circumambulation: around the Kaaba, around a Buddhist stupa, around the inner shrine of a Hindu temple, around Mount Kailash, which is circled by Hindus, Buddhists, Jains and Bon practitioners, in opposite directions. And bathing: in the Ganges, in the pool at Amritsar, at Lourdes.

And there is a return, in which the pilgrim carries back a title or a token. A Muslim who has completed the hajj may be addressed as hajji for life; Santiago pilgrims carry a scallop shell; medieval Christians brought back small flasks of oil or water.

The anthropological reading of this as a rite of passage, separation, a liminal middle, reincorporation, fits well enough to be useful and has been criticised for flattening real differences between the cases. Both of those things are true at once.

The Largest Gatherings on Earth

At modern scale, pilgrimage is a logistical and political undertaking, and the religious content cannot be cleanly separated from the administration of it.

The hajj is capped and rationed. Saudi Arabia allocates quotas by country, national bodies run lotteries or waiting lists that in some countries run to decades, and the operation, transport, the tented city at Mina, water, sanitation, crowd flow at the stoning and around the Kaaba, is a state project of enormous scale. It has also produced the deadliest crowd disasters in religious history, most severely in 1990 and 2015, after which the infrastructure was rebuilt again. Heat is now the principal hazard, and because the lunar calendar walks the pilgrimage through the solar year, summer hajj seasons recur on a fixed cycle and will do so again.

The Arbaeen walk to Karbala, forty days after Ashura, is by any reckoning among the largest annual gatherings anywhere, with millions walking from Najaf and elsewhere and being fed and housed without charge by households along the route. That distributed, unpaid hospitality is its defining feature and has no close parallel elsewhere.

The Kumbh Mela in India is on most counts the largest single gathering of people for any purpose, held in rotation at four river sites on an astrological cycle. Its attendance figures are produced by state authorities, are heavily contested, and should be read as orders of magnitude rather than as counts.

Smaller pilgrimages are more tractable. The Camino de Santiago issues certificates and can therefore report real numbers, which have risen from a few thousand a year in the 1980s to several hundred thousand, a revival driven at least as much by walking culture and tourism as by devotion. The church that administers the route is openly ambivalent about that, and says so.

The Objection from Inside

Every tradition that practises pilgrimage also contains a strand that objects to it, and the objection is the same everywhere: if the sacred is everywhere, then the journey is either unnecessary or a substitute for what actually matters.

Islam holds the tension inside its own structure. The hajj is obligatory once for those able, which is as strong an endorsement as a practice can receive, and yet Muslim reformers have repeatedly attacked the visiting of other shrines and tombs as illegitimate, with the argument running from medieval jurists through to modern Salafi teaching and the destruction of tomb structures in Arabia.

Judaism built its pilgrimage around a Temple that has not existed since 70 CE, and the rabbinic tradition then rebuilt the religion so that it no longer required one. The Western Wall is a place of prayer rather than a pilgrimage destination in the older sacrificial sense, and treating the two as equivalent misdescribes what happened after the destruction.

Protestant Christianity rejected pilgrimage outright at the Reformation along with relics and shrines, and the dismantling of English shrines in the 1530s was thorough and deliberate. Protestant practice then regenerated the form under other names: the revival meeting, the mission convention, the tour of the Holy Land.

Buddhism has the sharpest doctrinal problem, because the Buddha is not present anywhere to be visited. The tradition answers by treating the sites of his life, and the relics distributed after his cremation, as occasions for the right state of mind rather than as sources of power in themselves. In practice the distinction blurs continuously, and popular devotion at Bodh Gaya looks a great deal like popular devotion at any major shrine anywhere.

The honest comparative statement is that the objection is old, indigenous to each tradition rather than imported into it, and has never once stopped anyone going.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Taking the water and carrying it away is part of what pilgrims do at the sanctuary.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

The shell is worn as a pilgrim badge and also marks the route itself.

Source The Pilgrim's Guide to Santiago de Compostela (Codex Calixtinus, Book V)Attributed to Aymeric Picaud; trans. William Melczer

Why this is disputed. Interpretations of the lines purpose bear directly on whether pilgrimage is even the right category. Early researchers such as Maria Reiche read the geoglyphs primarily as an astronomical calendar, a function with no pilgrimage dimension at all. Later researchers including Johan Reinhard and Anthony Aveni have argued instead for ritual pathways walked in procession toward water sources, connecting the lines to fertility and water deity offerings, a reading much closer to pilgrimage in the ordinary sense. Which reading is correct remains unresolved.

Source The NascaHelaine Silverman and Donald A. Proulx

Belongs to Tradition

Kept across the provinces of the Anglican Communion. Pilgrimage was suppressed at the Reformation and revived from the nineteenth century onward, most visibly at Walsingham.

Pilgrimage was suppressed at the Reformation and revived from the nineteenth century onward, most visibly at Walsingham.

Kept in the Armenian Apostolic Church. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, to Lalibela and to the desert monasteries of Egypt is a settled devotion across these churches.

The pilgrimage to Uman for the New Year draws tens of thousands of men annually and is the largest single gathering of this kind in the Jewish world.

Buddhism, Religions
Source The Qur'an

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Pilgrimage to the Western Wall and to the graves of the righteous stands in place of the three pilgrim festivals that required attendance at a Temple that no longer stands.

Source The Qur'an

Kept in the Church of Cyprus, autocephalous since the Council of Ephesus in 431. Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

Kept in the Church of England, the province from which the Prayer Book tradition comes. Pilgrimage was suppressed at the Reformation and revived from the nineteenth century onward, most visibly at Walsingham.

Kept in the Church of Greece. Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

Kept in the Church of Ireland. Pilgrimage was suppressed at the Reformation and revived from the nineteenth century onward, most visibly at Walsingham.

Kept in the Coptic Orthodox Church of Alexandria. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, to Lalibela and to the desert monasteries of Egypt is a settled devotion across these churches.

Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

Kept in the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, the see of first honour among the Orthodox churches. Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

Kept in the Eritrean Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, to Lalibela and to the desert monasteries of Egypt is a settled devotion across these churches.

Kept in the Ethiopian Orthodox Tewahedo Church. Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, to Lalibela and to the desert monasteries of Egypt is a settled devotion across these churches.

Kept in the Georgian Orthodox Church, which has used its own language and script in worship since the fifth century. Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

Kept in the Greek Orthodox churches. Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

Kept in Haredi Judaism, where the halakhic standard is the strictest and the most stringent opinion is ordinarily followed. Pilgrimage to the Western Wall and to the graves of the righteous stands in place of the three pilgrim festivals that required attendance at a Temple that no longer stands.

Kept in Hasidic Judaism. Pilgrimage to the Western Wall and to the graves of the righteous stands in place of the three pilgrim festivals that required attendance at a Temple that no longer stands.

Hinduism, Religions
Source The Qur'an
Islam, Religions
Source The Qur'an
Judaism, Religions
Source The Qur'an

Kept in Modern Orthodox Judaism, alongside full engagement with secular study and with the state. Pilgrimage to the Western Wall and to the graves of the righteous stands in place of the three pilgrim festivals that required attendance at a Temple that no longer stands.

Pilgrimage to Jerusalem, to Lalibela and to the desert monasteries of Egypt is a settled devotion across these churches.

Pilgrimage to the Western Wall and to the graves of the righteous stands in place of the three pilgrim festivals that required attendance at a Temple that no longer stands.

Pilgrimage to Rome, to Marian shrines and to the tombs of the saints is a long-standing devotion of this church rather than a private custom.

Kept in the Romanian Orthodox Church, the one Orthodox church of the Byzantine tradition whose language is Romance. Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

Kept in the Russian Orthodox Church, in the Slavonic recension of the Byzantine books. Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

Pilgrimage to the shrines associated with the apostle Thomas is the devotional centre of this community.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

Shinto, Religions
Source The Qur'an

Kept in the Episcopal Church, whose own Prayer Book descends from the Scottish rather than the English line. Pilgrimage was suppressed at the Reformation and revived from the nineteenth century onward, most visibly at Walsingham.

Kept in the Ukrainian Orthodox Church. Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

The Easter gathering at Moria is one of the largest annual religious assemblies in Africa, and pilgrimage there is the central corporate act of this church.

Critiqued By

Calvinism (Reformed), Denominations

Religious worship is not made more acceptable by the place in which it is performed, and this is the ground on which pilgrimage falls.

Source The Westminster Confession of FaithWestminster Assemblythe holders' own account
Church of Scotland, Denominations

Kept in the Church of Scotland, the established Presbyterian church of that country. Religious worship is not made more acceptable by the place in which it is performed, and this is the ground on which pilgrimage falls.

Church of Sweden, Denominations

Kept in the Church of Sweden, which retained the historic episcopate through the Reformation as few Lutheran churches did. Pilgrimage stands in the Augsburg Confession among the human traditions urged as though they merited grace, and is refused on that ground rather than as a custom.

Dutch Reformed Church, Denominations

Kept in the Dutch Reformed tradition, which holds the Heidelberg Catechism among its confessional standards. Religious worship is not made more acceptable by the place in which it is performed, and this is the ground on which pilgrimage falls.

Kept in the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America. Pilgrimage stands in the Augsburg Confession among the human traditions urged as though they merited grace, and is refused on that ground rather than as a custom.

Lutheranism, Denominations

Pilgrimage stands in the Augsburg Confession among the human traditions urged as though they merited grace, and is refused on that ground rather than as a custom.

Source The Augsburg ConfessionPhilipp Melanchthon
Presbyterianism, Denominations

Pilgrimage is refused on the ground that no place makes worship more acceptable.

Source The Westminster Confession of FaithWestminster Assemblythe holders' own account

Disciplines That Use This

The practice itself.

Element Of

The annual return to Moria for the Zion Christian Church and to Nkamba for the Kimbanguists gathers these churches in their millions, and each has made a place of its own founding a destination.

Conferences and renewal gatherings draw people across long distances, but the movement has produced no shrine of its own.

Instances

Source An Introduction to MormonismDouglas J. Davies

A modern waymarked walk laid along the life of Cuthbert.

Source Pilgrimage in the MarketplaceIan Reader

A seasonal ascent to an ice formation venerated as a lingam.

A walked visitation timed to the fortieth day after Ashura.

Source The Shi'is of IraqYitzhak Nakash

A nine-day visit to the Bahai shrines, taken by application.

Source An Introduction to the Baha'i FaithPeter Smith

A network of Christian roads converging on the shrine of Saint James.

The Cantabrian coastal road to Santiago de Compostela.

Source Pilgrimage in the MarketplaceIan Reader

The principal inland road to Santiago de Compostela.

The Portuguese approach to Santiago de Compostela.

Source Pilgrimage in the MarketplaceIan Reader

The mountain road from Oviedo, the earliest of the Santiago roads.

Source Pilgrimage in the MarketplaceIan Reader

A named set of four shrines at the cardinal points of India.

Source A Survey of HinduismKlaus K. Klostermaier

A named set of four Himalayan shrines visited in order.

Source A Survey of HinduismKlaus K. Klostermaier

The obligatory Muslim pilgrimage, fixed in season and in sequence.

Circumambulation of a mountain sacred to four traditions.

A mass carrying of Ganges water to Shiva shrines in Shravan.

Source Jerusalem: The BiographySimon Sebag Montefiore

The pilgrim roads of the Kii peninsula.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

Converging palkhi processions of the Varkari tradition.

A circuit of the five seats of Sikh temporal authority.

Source Historical Dictionary of Sikhism, 3rd editionLouis E. Fenech and W. H. McLeod

The English road to the shrine of Thomas Becket.

Source Pilgrimage in Medieval EnglandDiana Webb

A circuit of thirty-three Kannon temples in western Japan.

A circuit of the hill where twenty Jain tirthankaras are held to have attained liberation.

Source The JainsPaul Dundas

A single-day circuit of seven Roman basilicas.

Source Pilgrimage in Medieval EnglandDiana Webb

The eighty-eight temple circuit of Shikoku.

The lesser Muslim pilgrimage, performable at any time of year.

Source The Encyclopaedia of Islam, 2nd editionP. Bearman, Th. Bianquis, C. E. Bosworth, E. van Donzel and W. P. Heinrichs (eds.)

The medieval road to Rome, recovered as a waymarked walking route.

Source Pilgrimage in the MarketplaceIan Reader

A circuit of the Shia shrine cities of Iraq.

Source The Shi'is of IraqYitzhak Nakash
Sources
1. Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005View the Source
2. The Hajj: The Muslim Pilgrimage to Mecca and the Holy Places
F. E. Peters, Princeton University Press, 1994View the Source
The Augsburg Confession
Philipp Melanchthon, 1530View the Source
The Westminster Confession of Faith
Westminster Assembly, 1646the holders' own accountView the Source
The Qur'an
3:97; 22:27, the hajjView the Source
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