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Encyclopaedia Britannica: Verified Biographies (online academic reference)

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This is Encyclopaedia Britannica's online reference used only where a fact has been individually confirmed against a live, dedicated Britannica biography or topic page for that specific figure, rather than assumed from general reputation. Recorded 2026-08-06 with a narrow scope of one fact, gender, on nineteen historical figures and characters, that scope has since grown: the atlas now cites this source for gender, historicity, place of origin, birth and death year, place of activity, manner of death and personal aliases, reaching fifty five entities through individual facts and sixty three entities in total once relationship citations and open questions are counted, each still resting on its own individually checked page rather than a general claim about Britannica's reliability. Read a citation to this source as exactly what it says: this particular fact, on this particular figure, was checked against Britannica's own dedicated page for that figure, no broader than that. This is a distinct and deliberately narrower source than this atlas's other, broader Encyclopaedia Britannica citation, which is usable for ordinary encyclopedia depth claims generally; the two records are not duplicates of each other and are not folded together, an editorial decision confirmed rather than reopened by this correction.

Facts
Assessment
Reliability Tier
2
Encyclopaedia Britannica's online reference used only where a specific fact has been individually confirmed against a live, dedicated Britannica page for that figure, a reputable general reference rather than peer reviewed original scholarship.
Notes
Tertiary reference used for uncontroversial biographical facts, each confirmed against a live, dedicated Britannica biography or topic page rather than assumed from general reputation, one page per figure, recorded in this source's own citation locators. Originally recorded 2026-08-06 with a narrow scope of gender only, on nineteen historical figures and characters, which was true of its use at that moment. That scope was outrun within two days: by 2026-08-08 the atlas held citations to this source spanning gender, historicity, place of origin, birth year, death year, place of activity, manner of death and personal aliases, across fifty five entities carrying an individual property fact and fifty four entities carrying an individually verified page locator, sixty three entities in total once relationship citations and open questions citing this source are counted. Every citing entity still rests on its own dedicated, individually checked page; what grew is how many kinds of fact are drawn from that page, not the verification standard behind any one of them. Distinct from the atlas's separate general Britannica reference, corrected 2026-08-06 to record its own genuine scope, a general reference encyclopedia usable broadly for ordinary encyclopedia depth claims; this source stays reserved for a fact individually checked against a live, named page and is not folded into that broader lineage. Do not cite this source for a figure with no individually verified page of its own.
Citation
Author
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors
Publisher
Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.
Publication Year
2026
URL
https://www.britannica.com/
Source Type
reference
Claims Backed By This Source (989 claims)

This source backs 989 claims across the atlas. As facts: 679 well-attested, 20 scholarly debate, 2 open question. As cited relationships: 98 holds, 28 connected, 1 critiqued Here. Plus 161 entities citing it as a general reference with no single fact or relationship attached.

Disposition By Topic

  • Historical Figures, 623 claims: 430 well-attested, 20 scholarly debate, 2 open question, 68 holds, 1 connected, 1 critiqued Here, 101 general references.
  • Articles, 233 claims: 155 well-attested, 12 holds, 27 connected, 39 general references.
  • Sources, 57 claims: 45 well-attested, 6 holds, 6 general references.
  • Figures, 45 claims: 36 well-attested, 3 holds, 6 general references.
  • Open Questions, 12 claims: 10 well-attested, 2 general references.
  • Philosophical Schools, 12 claims: 6 holds, 6 general references.
  • Deities, 4 claims: 3 well-attested, 1 general references.
  • Denominations, 3 claims: 3 holds.

Well-attested

679

Articles

A King Who Repelled Two Mongol Invasions Lays Down the ThroneA Life Sold at Her Own Speaking EngagementsA Monastery Built for Foreign Monks Sends the Forest Tradition AbroadA Preacher's Published Account Becomes the First African American Woman's Spiritual AutobiographyA Preserved Heart Turns a Political Death Into a Religious OneA Reformist Monk Rises to Head Cambodia's Larger Buddhist OrderA Sage Whose Wisdom Also Turned to Money and StatecraftA Shipwrecked Merchant Who Founded a School at the Painted StoaA Single Act at a Saigon Intersection Turns a Photograph Into Political PressureA Wandering Ascetic Founds a Forest Monastery That Becomes a MovementA War Turns Contemplative Practice Toward the World Around ItAbsalom Jones Nurses Philadelphia Through the 1793 FeverAbsalom Jones, Two Men, Two DenominationsAn Exile Closes the Same Circle It Opened Decades LaterAnn Lee Is Jailed as a Suspected British SpyAnn Lee, From English Mill to American FoundressAnne Hutchinson, the Antinomian ControversyArgula von Grumbach, a Noblewoman Answers a UniversityBuddhism Becomes an Established Feature of Japan Under Empress Suiko's Own AuthorityCharles Harrison Mason, a Split That Built a DenominationDaniel Payne Tries to Silence the Ring ShoutDaniel Payne, a Closed School and a Lifelong Argument for EducationForty Years Later, Argula von Grumbach Is Arrested AgainFrom Isabella Baumfree to Sojourner TruthHenry McNeal Turner Ordains Sarah Hughes, and the Church Reverses HimHenry McNeal Turner, God Is a NegroHoward Thurman Becomes the First Black Dean at a Major White UniversityHoward Thurman, the Book That Traveled With a MovementJapan's First Empress Regnant Reigns Thirty Five Years Over the Yamato CourtNannie Helen Burroughs Organizes Black Domestic Workers NationallyNannie Helen Burroughs, the Bible, the Bath and the BroomRebecca Cox Jackson, a Thunderstorm and a New AuthorityRefused in 1809, Permitted a Decade Later to Preach in the African Methodist Episcopal ChurchRichard Allen Turns Against Colonization in 1817Richard Allen, a Walkout That Founded a DenominationThe Monstrous Birth Winthrop Made of Anne Hutchinson's MiscarriageThe Same Monk Standardizes a Language and Writes a National AnthemWu Zetian Spends Her Widowhood as a Buddhist NunWu Zetian, the Sutra That Cleared a Throne

Deities

Nguyen Binh Khiem (Cao Dai Spirit)

Figures

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami PrabhupadaAthanasius of AlexandriaManco CapacMichael ScotMusa al-KadhimTopiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl

Historical Figures

Abd al-Rahman JamiAbsalom JonesAjahn AmaroAjahn Chah

Showing 1 to 50 of 149 entities carrying this claim. Next

Scholarly debate

20

Historical Figures

Albertus MagnusAl-FarabiAlonso de Salazar FríasAmadou BambaAntoine Court de GebelinBlack ElkFibonacciG. I. GurdjieffHandsome LakeIbn Ata Allah al-SakandariJessica UttsMaurice de SullyOkomfo AnokyePyrrhoRhonda ByrneThales

Open question

2

Historical Figures

CamillusOsei Tutu

Holds

98

Articles

Absalom Jones, Two Men, Two DenominationsAnn Lee, From English Mill to American FoundressAnne Hutchinson, the Antinomian ControversyArgula von Grumbach, a Noblewoman Answers a UniversityCharles Harrison Mason, a Split That Built a DenominationDaniel Payne, a Closed School and a Lifelong Argument for EducationHenry McNeal Turner, God Is a NegroHoward Thurman, the Book That Traveled With a MovementNannie Helen Burroughs, the Bible, the Bath and the BroomRebecca Cox Jackson, a Thunderstorm and a New AuthorityRichard Allen, a Walkout That Founded a DenominationWu Zetian, the Sutra That Cleared a Throne

Denominations

African Methodist Episcopal ChurchChurch of God in ChristShakers

Figures

Michael ScotTopiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl

Historical Figures

Absalom JonesAjahn ChahAlan WattsAl-FarabiAnn LeeAnne HutchinsonArgula von GrumbachAverroesAvicennaCharles Harrison MasonChuon NathD.T. SuzukiDaniel Alexander PayneEmpress SuikoEpictetusHenry McNeal TurnerHoward ThurmanJarena LeeMarcus AureliusNannie Helen BurroughsPlatoRebecca Cox JacksonRichard AllenSenecaSocratesSojourner TruthThich Nhat HanhThich Quang DucTran Nhan TongWu ZetianZeno of Citium

Philosophical Schools

CynicismLegalism

Showing 1 to 50 of 60 entities carrying this claim. Next

Connected

28

Articles

A King Who Repelled Two Mongol Invasions Lays Down the ThroneA Life Sold at Her Own Speaking EngagementsA Monastery Built for Foreign Monks Sends the Forest Tradition AbroadA Preacher's Published Account Becomes the First African American Woman's Spiritual AutobiographyA Preserved Heart Turns a Political Death Into a Religious OneA Reformist Monk Rises to Head Cambodia's Larger Buddhist OrderA Sage Whose Wisdom Also Turned to Money and StatecraftA Shipwrecked Merchant Who Founded a School at the Painted StoaA Single Act at a Saigon Intersection Turns a Photograph Into Political PressureA Wandering Ascetic Founds a Forest Monastery That Becomes a MovementA War Turns Contemplative Practice Toward the World Around ItAbsalom Jones Nurses Philadelphia Through the 1793 FeverAn Exile Closes the Same Circle It Opened Decades LaterAnn Lee Is Jailed as a Suspected British SpyBuddhism Becomes an Established Feature of Japan Under Empress Suiko's Own AuthorityDaniel Payne Tries to Silence the Ring ShoutForty Years Later, Argula von Grumbach Is Arrested AgainFrom Isabella Baumfree to Sojourner TruthHenry McNeal Turner Ordains Sarah Hughes, and the Church Reverses HimHoward Thurman Becomes the First Black Dean at a Major White UniversityJapan's First Empress Regnant Reigns Thirty Five Years Over the Yamato CourtNannie Helen Burroughs Organizes Black Domestic Workers NationallyRefused in 1809, Permitted a Decade Later to Preach in the African Methodist Episcopal ChurchRichard Allen Turns Against Colonization in 1817The Monstrous Birth Winthrop Made of Anne Hutchinson's MiscarriageThe Same Monk Standardizes a Language and Writes a National AnthemWu Zetian Spends Her Widowhood as a Buddhist Nun

Historical Figures

Wu Zetian

Critiqued Here

1

Historical Figures

Anne Hutchinson

General References

161

Articles

A King Who Repelled Two Mongol Invasions Lays Down the ThroneA Life Sold at Her Own Speaking EngagementsA Monastery Built for Foreign Monks Sends the Forest Tradition AbroadA Preacher's Published Account Becomes the First African American Woman's Spiritual AutobiographyA Preserved Heart Turns a Political Death Into a Religious OneA Reformist Monk Rises to Head Cambodia's Larger Buddhist OrderA Sage Whose Wisdom Also Turned to Money and StatecraftA Shipwrecked Merchant Who Founded a School at the Painted StoaA Single Act at a Saigon Intersection Turns a Photograph Into Political PressureA Wandering Ascetic Founds a Forest Monastery That Becomes a MovementA War Turns Contemplative Practice Toward the World Around ItAbsalom Jones Nurses Philadelphia Through the 1793 FeverAbsalom Jones, Two Men, Two DenominationsAn Exile Closes the Same Circle It Opened Decades LaterAnn Lee Is Jailed as a Suspected British SpyAnn Lee, From English Mill to American FoundressAnne Hutchinson, the Antinomian ControversyArgula von Grumbach, a Noblewoman Answers a UniversityBuddhism Becomes an Established Feature of Japan Under Empress Suiko's Own AuthorityCharles Harrison Mason, a Split That Built a DenominationDaniel Payne Tries to Silence the Ring ShoutDaniel Payne, a Closed School and a Lifelong Argument for EducationForty Years Later, Argula von Grumbach Is Arrested AgainFrom Isabella Baumfree to Sojourner TruthHenry McNeal Turner Ordains Sarah Hughes, and the Church Reverses HimHenry McNeal Turner, God Is a NegroHoward Thurman Becomes the First Black Dean at a Major White UniversityHoward Thurman, the Book That Traveled With a MovementJapan's First Empress Regnant Reigns Thirty Five Years Over the Yamato CourtNannie Helen Burroughs Organizes Black Domestic Workers NationallyNannie Helen Burroughs, the Bible, the Bath and the BroomRebecca Cox Jackson, a Thunderstorm and a New AuthorityRefused in 1809, Permitted a Decade Later to Preach in the African Methodist Episcopal ChurchRichard Allen Turns Against Colonization in 1817Richard Allen, a Walkout That Founded a DenominationThe Monstrous Birth Winthrop Made of Anne Hutchinson's MiscarriageThe Same Monk Standardizes a Language and Writes a National AnthemWu Zetian Spends Her Widowhood as a Buddhist NunWu Zetian, the Sutra That Cleared a Throne

Deities

Nguyen Binh Khiem (Cao Dai Spirit)

Figures

A. C. Bhaktivedanta Swami PrabhupadaAthanasius of AlexandriaManco CapacMichael ScotMusa al-KadhimTopiltzin Ce Acatl Quetzalcoatl

Historical Figures

Abd al-Rahman JamiAbsalom JonesAjahn AmaroAjahn Chah

Showing 1 to 50 of 161 entities carrying this claim. Next

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