Home›Sources›Stanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophySourcesStanford Encyclopedia of PhilosophyCitation FormatsGeneral ReferenceGeneral Reference Citation TextDivinity Atlas. "Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy." Accessed August 30, 2026. https://divinity.interactivelion.com/sources/stanford-encyclopedia-of-philosophy.Copy General ReferenceAPA StyleAPA Style Citation TextDivinity Atlas. (n.d.). Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Retrieved August 30, 2026, from https://divinity.interactivelion.com/sources/stanford-encyclopedia-of-philosophyCopy APA StyleBibTeXBibTeX Citation Text@misc{divinityatlas-stanford-encyclopedia-of-philosophy, author = {Divinity Atlas}, title = {Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy}, year = {2026}, url = {https://divinity.interactivelion.com/sources/stanford-encyclopedia-of-philosophy}, note = {Accessed August 30, 2026} }Copy BibTeXA continuously updated, peer reviewed online reference in philosophy, edited by Edward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman through Stanford University's Metaphysics Research Lab, with each entry written and periodically revised by an assigned specialist scholar and formally refereed. This peer review process, unusual for an online reference, places it at this atlas's top tier. It is a strong source for positions in the philosophy of religion and for scholarly biographical entries on historical philosophers and theologians. Its scope is philosophical analysis and history of ideas, so a claim about a tradition's lived religious practice, as opposed to its philosophical content, needs a source specific to that practice.FactsClaims Backed By This Source (975 claims)Comments (0)Reader Challenges (0 open reader challenges)FactsCitationAuthorWell-attestedEdward N. Zalta and Uri Nodelman (eds.)PublisherWell-attestedMetaphysics Research Lab, Stanford UniversityPublication YearWell-attested2024URLWell-attestedhttps://plato.stanford.edu/Source TypeWell-attestedreferenceAssessmentReliability TierWell-attested1A peer reviewed academic reference maintained by a university philosophy department, with each entry authored and periodically updated by a subject matter scholar under editorial board review.NotesWell-attestedPeer-reviewed reference for philosophy-of-religion positions.Claims Backed By This Source (975 claims)This source backs 975 claims across the atlas. As facts: 677 well-attested, 21 scholarly debate, 2 open question. As cited relationships: 91 holds, 7 connected, 1 critiqued Here, 1 rejected Here. Plus 175 entities citing it as a general reference with no single fact or relationship attached.Disposition By TopicArticles, 265 claims: 223 well-attested, 3 holds, 5 connected, 34 general references.Metaphysical Positions, 180 claims: 121 well-attested, 1 open question, 22 holds, 36 general references.Philosophical Schools, 172 claims: 98 well-attested, 48 holds, 1 connected, 1 critiqued Here, 1 rejected Here, 23 general references.Figures, 102 claims: 78 well-attested, 10 scholarly debate, 5 holds, 9 general references.Historical Figures, 97 claims: 63 well-attested, 2 scholarly debate, 1 open question, 5 holds, 26 general references.Doctrines, 46 claims: 17 well-attested, 8 scholarly debate, 1 holds, 20 general references.Categories, 21 claims: 17 well-attested, 4 general references.Scriptures & Texts, 19 claims: 15 well-attested, 4 general references.Open Questions, 16 claims: 12 well-attested, 1 holds, 1 connected, 2 general references.Realms, 11 claims: 10 well-attested, 1 general references.Subtle Energies, 11 claims: 7 well-attested, 2 holds, 2 general references.Sources, 8 claims: 8 well-attested.Scholarly Disciplines, 6 claims: 6 general references.Religions, 5 claims: 2 well-attested, 1 holds, 2 general references.Ages, 4 claims: 2 well-attested, 1 scholarly debate, 1 general references.Deities, 4 claims: 2 well-attested, 1 holds, 1 general references.Denominations, 2 claims: 1 holds, 1 general references.Sections, 2 claims: 1 well-attested, 1 general references.Virtues, 2 claims: 1 well-attested, 1 general references.Hymns & Liturgical Texts, 1 claims: 1 general references.Schools of Theology, 1 claims: 1 holds.Well-attested677AgesThe Empedoclean Cosmic CycleArticlesA Bridge Position with Few Full-Time ResidentsA Claim Almost Every Doctrine of Human Nature NeedsA Claim That Keeps ReappearingA Constant Rival to Materialism Across CulturesA Direct Revision of the God Most Traditions AssumedA Dispute the Whole Language of Divine Attributes Depends OnA Doctrine Under Genuine, Ongoing DebateA Failed Official Who Became a Civilization's TeacherA God Who Becomes, Not Only a God Who IsA God Who Knows, Chooses, and LovesA Guest in Plato's Own DialogueA Law That Needs No JudgeA Night in Jail, and What Was Made of ItA Philosopher Who Claimed to Be a GodA Philosophy Known Only Through Its CriticsA Position Almost No Religious Tradition Can AcceptA Position Both Sides of the Theism Debate Claim and RejectA Position That Hardened, Then Loosened, by DecreeA School of Religion With No Creator GodA Self That Does Not Depend on Remembering ItselfA Split the World's Religions Rarely Give UpA Swerve in the Chain of CausesA Text of Uncertain Age Doing Real Cosmological WorkA View Most Traditions Resist Without Quite RefutingA World with No Reality of Its OwnA World Without a Single RootAlchemy's Own Version of the ProblemAlchemy's Working Assumption, Not Just Its MetaphorAn Old Intuition Getting New Philosophical AttentionApollonius of Tyana and the Pythagorean Holy ManAssembled by Disciples, in Layers, Over GenerationsAtoms, Void, and Nothing ElseBaumgarten's Coinage and the Moment Taste Became a Discipline of Its OwnDeath, the Gods and the Point of Epicurean PhysicsDeus Sive NaturaDistinguishing Karma from Fate and from PhysicsDoubt as a Method, and the Proofs That FollowEthics and liberationExperience All the Way DownFifty-Two Chapters Cut Down to Thirty-ThreeFive Aggregates, No OwnerFive Thousand Characters, and What They Ask of a RulerForms More Real Than the Things That Copy ThemFour Roots and Two ForcesFreedom as Acting on One's Own ReasonsFrege's Begriffsschrift and the Notation That Made Modern Logic PossibleFrom Street Philosophy to Stoic EthicsGettier's Three Pages and the Collapse of a Definition Philosophy Had Relied OnGod as the Only True CauseShowing 1 to 50 of 236 entities carrying this claim. NextScholarly debate21AgesThe Empedoclean Cosmic CycleDoctrinesDivine simplicityNatural TheologyOmniscienceThe Watchmaker AnalogyFiguresGautama AkshapadaJaiminiKanadaHistorical FiguresEmpedoclesOpen question2Historical FiguresParmenidesMetaphysical PositionsPresentismHolds91ArticlesNine Positions on How God and the World Are RelatedNyaya's Argument for a CreatorThree Positions on What Is Real About Time ItselfDeitiesNagarjunaDenominationsMadhyamakaDoctrinesNatural TheologyFiguresAsangaJaiminiVasubandhuHistorical FiguresBertrand RussellHenry David ThoreauRalph Waldo EmersonSigmund FreudThomas Henry HuxleyMetaphysical PositionsAcosmismCompatibilismDeterminismEmanationismEmergentismEternalismHylozoismIdealismIllusionismInteractionismMonismNeutral MonismNominalismOccasionalismPanentheismPanpsychismPersonal Identity As ContinuityPhysicalismPluralismProcess TheologyTheistic PersonalismOpen QuestionsWhen did Parmenides die?Philosophical SchoolsAristotelianismCharvakaCynicismEleatic SchoolEmpiricismEpicureanismExistentialismGerman IdealismMegarian SchoolNeopythagoreanismNyayaPhenomenologyPlatonismPurva MimamsaShowing 1 to 50 of 57 entities carrying this claim. NextConnected7ArticlesA Guest in Plato's Own DialogueSeparating the Man from the Movement That Took His NameThe School That Reshaped How Buddhists Think About MindTwo Ways to Argue for the Same EmptinessWhat Survives of a Vast Body of Lost WritingOpen QuestionsWho is Presentism's principal historical proponent?Philosophical SchoolsCharvakaCritiqued Here1Philosophical SchoolsCharvakaRejected Here1Philosophical SchoolsCharvakaGeneral References175AgesThe Empedoclean Cosmic CycleArticlesA Guest in Plato's Own DialogueApollonius of Tyana and the Pythagorean Holy ManBaumgarten's Coinage and the Moment Taste Became a Discipline of Its OwnDeath, the Gods and the Point of Epicurean PhysicsDivine Command Theory and the Euthyphro ProblemFrege's Begriffsschrift and the Notation That Made Modern Logic PossibleFrom Street Philosophy to Stoic EthicsGettier's Three Pages and the Collapse of a Definition Philosophy Had Relied OnHow Late Antiquity Rebuilt PythagorasHow Plato's Parmenides Turned the School's Own Argument Against ItHow the Lyceum Organized KnowledgeKant's Critique and the Argument That Metaphysics Had Been Asking the Wrong QuestionNine Positions on How God and the World Are RelatedNyaya's Argument for a CreatorReading a Lost Philosophy Through the Arguments Built to Refute ItSeparating the Man from the Movement That Took His NameStilpo, the Megarian Who Taught Zeno of CitiumThe Academy After PlatoThe Forms and the Argument They StartedThe Linguistic Turn and a Century Redirecting Philosophy Toward LanguageThe Logical Puzzles the Megarians Left BehindThe Modes of Suspension and What They Were ForThe School That Reshaped How Buddhists Think About MindThe Study of Philosophical Schools: History and MethodThree Positions on What Is Real About Time ItselfTwo Ways to Argue for the Same EmptinessUdayana's Arguments for a Creator and the Turn Toward Formal ReasoningVyasa's Commentary and the Question of Whether Yoga Needs a GodWhat a Philosophical School Entry CoversWhat Made Miletus the Starting Point of Greek ScienceWhat Survives of a Vast Body of Lost WritingWhat the Cynics Meant by Living According to NatureWhy Aristotle Made the Milesians the First Chapter of Philosophy's Own HistoryWhy Zeno Argued That Achilles Cannot WinCategoriesElementsGunasTattvasVirtuesDeitiesNagarjunaDenominationsMadhyamakaDoctrinesBelief and disbelief in GodDeterminism, fatalism and free willDivine command theoryDivine simplicityEternal returnEternalism and presentismIdealism, materialism and naturalismMiraclesMonism, dualism and nondualismShowing 1 to 50 of 171 entities carrying this claim. 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