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Letter of Jeremiah

Deuterocanonical Books

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A single-chapter polemic against idolatry, framed as a letter from the prophet Jeremiah to the Judeans about to be carried to Babylon, warning them at length that the gods of the Babylonians are powerless wood and metal that cannot save themselves. It survives in Greek, though a Hebrew original is likely, and a Greek fragment of it was found at Qumran. Catholic Bibles absorb it as the sixth and closing chapter of Baruch; the Orthodox tradition counts it among the received books as a work in its own right; Protestant Bibles place it in the Apocrypha. Judaism does not receive it. Its standing is therefore deuterocanonical for Catholics and Orthodox and apocryphal for Protestants, a book whose very boundaries shift with the canon that holds it.

Facts
Origins
Era of Composition
350 BCE to 100 BCE 1
Language
Biblical Hebrew 1
Attributed Author / Compiler
An anonymous anti-idolatry homily, c. 300-100 BCE (critical) 1
Attributed Author / Compiler
The prophet Jeremiah (traditional) 1
Status
Canonical StatusSourced to the subject's own account
Deuterocanonical 2Tradition: Roman Catholicism
Canonical StatusSourced to the subject's own account
Deuterocanonical 3Tradition: Eastern Orthodoxy
Canonical Status
Non-canonical 1Tradition: Judaism
Text
Literary Form
Epistle / letter 1
Structure
Structure
A single chapter (72-73 verses); a homily against idolatry framed as a letter 1
Structure
Forms Baruch ch. 6 in the Vulgate 1
Learn More
A Sermon Against Idols

The Letter of Jeremiah is a short work, cast as a letter from the prophet Jeremiah to the Jews about to be carried into exile in Babylon, warning them against the idolatry they will encounter there. Taking as its pretext Jeremiah's counsel to the exiles, it is in fact a sustained polemical sermon ridiculing the worship of manufactured gods.

In a series of repeated arguments, each rounded off with a refrain to the effect that these things "are not gods, so do not fear them," it mocks idols as powerless objects of wood, silver and gold: they cannot see, speak, save themselves from rust and rot, or protect themselves from thieves and fire; their priests pilfer their finery, and animals are better off than they. The style, with its hammering repetition, is that of a rhetorical exercise on a single theme. Though ascribed to Jeremiah, the work is generally dated much later, to the Hellenistic period (perhaps the fourth to second century BCE), and survives in Greek, though a Hebrew or Aramaic original is possible.

Canon and Setting

In the Latin and Roman Catholic tradition the Letter of Jeremiah is attached to the Book of Baruch as its sixth and final chapter, so that it does not usually stand as a separate book; in the Greek Septuagint and in the Eastern Orthodox reckoning it is a distinct work, and Protestant Bibles that print the Apocrypha likewise treat it separately, under its own name. It is received as deuterocanonical by Catholics and Orthodox and placed among the Apocrypha by Jews and Protestants, following the Hebrew canon in which it has no place.

The letter is a valuable witness to the long and vigorous Jewish tradition of anti-idolatry polemic, a theme running from the prophets through Wisdom of Solomon and Bel and the Dragon, which served both to fortify Jews living amid the images and cults of the pagan world and to define the community against them. Scholars read it as a rhetorical set-piece rather than a genuine letter, and value it for the vivid picture it gives of the material culture of ancient idol-worship and of the arguments a Hellenistic Jewish writer marshalled against it.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Belongs to Tradition

Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Held as canonical scripture in the Eastern Orthodox Old Testament, affirmed at the Synod of Jerusalem, 1672.

Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Judaism, Religions
Source Encyclopedia of ReligionMircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.)
Source Canons and Decrees of the Council of TrentCouncil of Trentthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Declared canonical scripture for the Roman Catholic Church at the Council of Trent, Session IV, 1546.

Source Canons and Decrees of the Council of TrentCouncil of Trentthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source Canons and Decrees of the Council of TrentCouncil of Trentthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Excluded from Canon

Anabaptism, Denominations

This tradition holds the standard thirty-nine-book Protestant Old Testament and does not canonize Letter of Jeremiah, following the confessional consensus among Protestant bodies against the wider Trent and Synod of Jerusalem deuterocanon.

Baptist, Denominations

This tradition holds the standard thirty-nine-book Protestant Old Testament and does not canonize Letter of Jeremiah, following the confessional consensus among Protestant bodies against the wider Trent and Synod of Jerusalem deuterocanon.

Calvinism (Reformed), Denominations
Source The Westminster Confession of FaithWestminster Assemblythe holders' own account
Church of Scotland, Denominations
Source The Westminster Confession of FaithWestminster Assemblythe holders' own account
Dutch Reformed Church, Denominations
Source The Belgic ConfessionGuido de Bres
Jehovah's Witnesses, Denominations

This tradition holds the standard thirty-nine-book Protestant Old Testament and does not canonize Letter of Jeremiah, following the confessional consensus among Protestant bodies against the wider Trent and Synod of Jerusalem deuterocanon.

Pentecostalism, Denominations

This tradition holds the standard thirty-nine-book Protestant Old Testament and does not canonize Letter of Jeremiah, following the confessional consensus among Protestant bodies against the wider Trent and Synod of Jerusalem deuterocanon.

Presbyterianism, Denominations

This tradition holds the standard thirty-nine-book Protestant Old Testament and does not canonize Letter of Jeremiah, following the confessional consensus among Protestant bodies against the wider Trent and Synod of Jerusalem deuterocanon.

Protestantism, Denominations

The Protestant confessional consensus holds a thirty-nine-book Old Testament and does not canonize Letter of Jeremiah, against the wider canon affirmed at Trent in 1546 and at Jerusalem in 1672. Lutheran and Anglican practice retains several of these books as edifying reading while denying them authority to establish doctrine.

This tradition holds the standard thirty-nine-book Protestant Old Testament and does not canonize Letter of Jeremiah, following the confessional consensus among Protestant bodies against the wider Trent and Synod of Jerusalem deuterocanon.

Seventh-day Adventism, Denominations

This tradition holds the standard thirty-nine-book Protestant Old Testament and does not canonize Letter of Jeremiah, following the confessional consensus among Protestant bodies against the wider Trent and Synod of Jerusalem deuterocanon.

Held Differently

Church of Sweden, Denominations

Not canonized, but retained. Luther gathered the deuterocanonical books into a separate Apocrypha section of his 1534 Bible, headed as not equal to Holy Scripture yet good and useful to read, and Lutheran Bibles have printed and read them there since.

Source An Introduction to the ApocryphaBruce M. Metzger

Not canonized, but retained. Luther gathered the deuterocanonical books into a separate Apocrypha section of his 1534 Bible, headed as not equal to Holy Scripture yet good and useful to read, and Lutheran Bibles have printed and read them there since.

Source An Introduction to the ApocryphaBruce M. Metzger
Lutheranism, Denominations

Lutheranism does not canonize Letter of Jeremiah. Luther placed the deuterocanonical books in a separate section of his 1534 Bible as good and useful to read, but not equal to scripture.

Source An Introduction to the ApocryphaBruce M. Metzger
Sources
1. An Introduction to the Apocrypha
Bruce M. Metzger, Oxford University Press, 1957The chapter on the Letter of Jeremiah and its status as chapter or separate bookView the Source
2. Canons and Decrees of the Council of Trent
Council of Trent, 1563Fourth Session (1546), receiving the Letter as the sixth chapter of Baruchthe holders' own accountView the Source
3. The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)
Synod of Jerusalem, Eastern Orthodox Church, 1672anagignoskomenathe holders' own accountView the Source
The Biblical Canon: Its Origin, Transmission, and Authority
Lee Martin McDonald, Hendrickson, 2007View the Source
The Belgic Confession
Guido de Bres, 1561View the Source
The Westminster Confession of Faith
Westminster Assembly, 1646the holders' own accountView the Source
Festal Letter 39
Athanasius of Alexandria, 367The 367 list, where the Letter is counted with Jeremiah and Baruch
Encyclopedia of Religion
Mircea Eliade (ed.); Lindsay Jones (ed., 2nd ed.), Macmillan Reference, 2005View the Source
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