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Serbian Orthodox Church

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Origin 1219

The national church of Serbia, founded as an autocephalous body in 1219 by Saint Sava, youngest son of the Nemanjic dynasty's founder, who secured its independence from the Ecumenical Patriarchate then in exile at Nicaea. Raised to a Patriarchate in 1346, repeatedly abolished and restored under Ottoman rule, and fully restored in 1920 after Serbian and South Slav unification.

Facts
Attributions
Church Family
Eastern Orthodox 1
Eastern Orthodox, autocephalous
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
Chalcedonian: two natures in the one person of Christ (Chalcedon, 451) 2
Defining Doctrinal PositionSourced to the subject's own account
Rejects the Filioque: the Spirit proceeds from the Father 3
Giving
Standing Giving Expectation
The Serbian Orthodox Church in North and South America's own Church Assembly (Sabor), its principal legislative body, adopted a revision to its Constitution in 2009 replacing a fixed dues system with a self-determined annual stewardship pledge as the financial condition of membership, "spiritual obligations for membership" left unchanged. Saint Steven's Serbian Orthodox Cathedral amended its own By-Laws to match at a Special Congregation Meeting on October 24, 2010, adopting the text: "A member in good standing is one whose stewardship pledge is fulfilled each year. Only members in good standing can vote at meetings. Should a member without sufficient cause refuse to fulfill his pledge each year, such a person shall cease to be a member in good standing and shall lose all rights and privileges thereof." No percentage or fixed dollar figure is set; each steward determines their own pledge. The same page softens the formal consequence in pastoral practice, stating that a member unable to meet a pledge for genuine hardship is asked to contact the parish Dean, "no one will be chasing or embarrassing you." 8
How the Expectation Is Enforced
Codified Obligation With Consequences 8
Rule Established or Last Changed
2010-10-24 8
Origins
Origin Period
1219 2
Place of Origin
Serbia, under the Nemanjic dynasty 2
Founder
Saint Sava, youngest son of Stefan Nemanja, who became the church's first Archbishop 2
Reckoning
Calendar System
Julian (Old Calendar) 1
Keeps the Julian reckoning for the fixed feasts as well as for Pascha
Trajectory
Membership Over TimeSourced to the subject's own account
By the 2011 census, Orthodox Christian identification had fallen slightly to 6,079,396 people, 84.6 percent of the population. 9
Membership Over TimeSourced to the subject's own account
By the most recent 2022 census, Orthodox Christian identification had fallen further to 5,387,426 people, 81.1 percent of the population, continuing the same gradual two-decade decline recorded in 2002 and 2011. 9
Membership Over TimeSourced to the subject's own account
The Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia's 2002 national census recorded 6,371,584 people, 85 percent of the population, as Orthodox Christian, an actual census count of self-declared religious affiliation. 9
Membership Figure As OfSourced to the subject's own account
2002-01-01 9
Membership Figure As OfSourced to the subject's own account
2011-01-01 9
Membership Figure As OfSourced to the subject's own account
2022-01-01 9
Basis of the Membership FigureSourced to the subject's own account
National Census 9
History
Separation or Divergence
Its independence from the Ecumenical Patriarchate, then in exile at Nicaea, was secured by Saint Sava in 1219; it was raised to a Patriarchate in 1346, repeatedly abolished and restored under Ottoman rule, and fully restored in 1920. 2
Date of Separation
from 1346 2
Organisation
Governance
Self-governing churches under patriarchs, deciding in synod 1 4
Governed by the Patriarch of Serbia and the Holy Synod, restored in full in 1920 after centuries of Ottoman-era disruption
Ordination
Restricted to men 5
Ordination
Married clergy permitted 5
Its own record names it the national Eastern Orthodox church of Serbia.
Relation to the State
Privileged Never Established 6
Serbia's 2006 Law on Churches and Religious Communities names seven traditional communities, including the Serbian Orthodox Church, that were legally recognised before 1945 and are exempted from the registration process other groups must complete, granting tax and other preferential treatment without naming any of them the country's established church.
Practice
Liturgical Language
Church Slavonic 1
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 7
A living national church whose disputes with the Montenegrin and North Macedonian Orthodox churches remain unresolved
Learn More
Saint Sava and the Founding of an Independent Church

The Serbian Orthodox Church traces its organized independence to Sava, youngest son of Stefan Nemanja, founder of the medieval Nemanjic dynasty. Sava renounced royal succession for monastic life on Mount Athos, where he and his father, who joined him there after abdicating, founded the Serbian monastery of Hilandar, still an active center of Serbian monastic life on the Holy Mountain. Sava negotiated with the Ecumenical Patriarchate, then in exile in Nicaea following the Fourth Crusade's 1204 sack of Constantinople, and secured formal autocephaly for a Serbian church in 1219, becoming its first Archbishop and returning home to build its diocesan structure from the ground up.

Sava organized the new church's dioceses, founded monasteries and schools, and is remembered in Serbian tradition as much for his role in literacy, law and education as for ecclesiastical administration, a dual legacy that made him patron of Serbian schools and students into the modern era, his feast still marked in classrooms across Serbia. The church he founded was raised to a Patriarchate in 1346 under Emperor Stefan Dusan, reflecting the medieval Serbian state's peak territorial and political power shortly before its fragmentation and eventual conquest by the Ottoman Empire in the following century.

Ottoman Centuries and the Modern Patriarchate

Ottoman conquest brought repeated disruption to the Serbian church's institutional continuity. The Patriarchate of Pec, the church's seat, was abolished and restored more than once under Ottoman rule, most consequentially abolished again in 1766 and placed under the Greek-dominated Ecumenical Patriarchate for over a century, a period Serbian national memory treats as a loss of both religious and cultural autonomy layered onto Ottoman political subjection.

Serbian statehood, achieved in stages through the nineteenth century, was accompanied by renewed ecclesiastical independence, and the Serbian Patriarchate was fully restored in 1920 in the newly formed Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, unifying Serbian Orthodox communities that had been divided among Ottoman, Austro-Hungarian and independent Serbian jurisdictions. The church endured further suppression under communist Yugoslavia and was drawn deeply into the conflicts that accompanied Yugoslavia's violent breakup in the 1990s.

Two jurisdictional disputes remain unresolved in the twenty-first century: the Montenegrin Orthodox Church, a body some Montenegrins consider a legitimate restoration of pre-1920 autocephaly and the Serbian church considers uncanonical, and a similar contest in North Macedonia, both described here without asserting a winner, consistent with how the church itself treats them as open and contested.

The Astronomer Whose Own Church Kept the Old Calendar

The mathematics behind the calendar most of the Orthodox world eventually adopted was Serbian work. Milutin Milankovic, the geophysicist and astronomer better known today for the orbital cycles that bear his name, represented the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes at the 1923 Constantinople congress and, after the delegation's own first proposal was turned down, drafted the leap year rule the congress adopted as the Revised Julian calendar.

The Serbian Orthodox Church never adopted it. Unlike Greece and Romania, which took up the new calendar for fixed feasts while keeping the old one for Easter, the Serbian church kept the unrevised Julian calendar for its whole liturgical year, and it still does. The refusal was not a rejection of Milankovic's astronomy, which nobody disputed, but of the idea that a national synod's decision could settle something belonging to the whole communion, the same objection raised in Greece and Romania and one the Serbian hierarchy, still rebuilding its own authority after Ottoman centuries and the disruptions of the twentieth century, was in no position to treat lightly.

The result is a small, specific irony this atlas can state plainly: the formula that eventually let most Orthodox Christians keep Christmas on the same day as their Catholic and Protestant neighbours was designed by a scientist whose own church, to this day, does not use it. Serbian Christmas is still kept by the old reckoning, thirteen days after the date the Revised Julian calendar Milankovic built now assigns it.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names Serbian Orthodox Church directly: "text, adopted to conform to the wider Serbian Orthodox Church in North and South America's 2009 Church Assembly (Sabor) constitutional revision replacing a fixed dues system with a self-determined..."

This church keeps the Julian reckoning for the fixed feasts as well as for Pascha, so the Nativity falls thirteen days after the civil date. The Orthodox churches that took up the revised calendar in the 1920s moved only the fixed feasts and still compute Pascha on the old reckoning.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

This source names Serbian Orthodox Church directly: "recognized liturgical status in the Serbian Orthodox Church."

Source Mokranjac Divine Liturgy (Wikipedia and Project Mokranjac)Wikipedia contributors and Project Mokranjac

Belongs to Tradition

Branch Of

One of the national Eastern Orthodox churches.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

Rejected Here

Papal primacy and infallibility, Doctrines

Rome's honour as a see is not in question here. What is rejected is universal jurisdiction over the whole church and the personal infallibility defined in 1870. Primacy among the Orthodox churches is held to be a primacy of honour, not of power.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
The Filioque, Doctrines

The creed is recited here in its original form, that the Spirit proceeds from the Father. The Latin addition of and the Son is rejected both as an unauthorised alteration of a conciliar text and as bad theology, and it remains the principal doctrinal difference with Rome.

Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

Held Differently

Purgatory, Doctrines

This church prays for the dead and holds that the prayers help them, but it does not teach a distinct place of satisfactory punishment or the calculus of temporal penalty that the Western doctrine carries.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Byzantine Chant, Sacred Sound

Serbian chant carries the eight tones into Church Slavonic in simplified melodies, written down from the singers in the nineteenth century by Kornelije Stankovic, so the system is Byzantine and the repertory is not.

Original sin, Doctrines

What is rejected is the Augustinian transmission of guilt, not the teaching that humanity begins damaged. This church speaks of ancestral sin: what passes from Adam is mortality and a nature inclined to sin, not personal culpability for another's act.

The Real Presence in the Eucharist, Doctrines

The gifts are held to be truly the body and blood of Christ. The change is confessed without committing the church to the scholastic account of substance and accident that the Latin term transubstantiation carries.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

Holds Element

Hilandar, founded in the twelfth century, is the Serbian house among the twenty and is the centre of Serbian monastic tradition.

Held as the head of the Serbian church.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)

The Serbian church attended after some hesitation and signed the council documents.

Source Official Documents of the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church, Crete 2016Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Included in the wider Eastern Orthodox Old Testament canon beyond the Trent-era Roman Catholic deuterocanon, affirmed at the Synod of Jerusalem, 1672.

Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Included in the wider Eastern Orthodox Old Testament canon beyond the Trent-era Roman Catholic deuterocanon, affirmed at the Synod of Jerusalem, 1672.

Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Almsgiving is bound closely to the fasting seasons, what is not spent on food being given away.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Holy Unction is one of the seven mysteries and is administered to the living faithful in general, most publicly on Holy Wednesday, and not to the dying alone.

Theology proceeds by denial as well as by affirmation, and the denials operate on the affirmations rather than cancelling them. The order is inherited from the Cappadocians and from Pseudo-Dionysius.

The episcopate is held to run in unbroken succession from the apostles, and it is the bishop rather than the see that carries it. This is the ground on which this church recognises its own orders and those of the other Orthodox churches.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Baptism, Rituals

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Baptism is by threefold immersion, and is followed immediately by chrismation and communion in the same service.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Baptism, chrismation and first communion are given together in one rite, so the baptismal life begins in infancy and is not deferred to an age of discretion.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Orthodoxy ordains married men to the priesthood but requires that bishops be monks, so celibacy shapes the episcopate rather than the parish; Mount Athos remains the tradition's monastic centre.

Kept on January 7 of the civil calendar, the Serbian Church retaining the Julian reckoning, and preceded by the Badnje vece cutting of the badnjak on the eve.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The churching of a mother and the presentation of a child on the fortieth day is kept as a living rite here, not as a survival.

Compline, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Confession, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Orthodox confess standing beside the priest before an icon rather than through a grille, the priest understood as a witness rather than a judge, and confession is ordinarily expected before receiving communion.

Confirmation, Rituals

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Chrismation is given with baptism, in infancy, by a presbyter using chrism consecrated by a bishop. The rite completes initiation here rather than following it years later.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Exorcism, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Prayers of exorcism are read over every candidate as a fixed part of the baptismal service, before the renunciation and the anointing.

Fasting, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Orthodox fasting means abstinence rather than hunger: no meat, dairy, eggs, fish with backbones, wine or oil on the strictest days, kept through Great Lent and three further fasting seasons and on most Wednesdays and Fridays, which is roughly half the year.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The washing of feet is performed on Holy Thursday by a bishop, the Niptir, in the cathedral and in the great monasteries.

Funeral Rites, Rituals

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The funeral service, the Panikhida and the memorial services on the third, ninth and fortieth days form one continuous set of offices for the dead.

Gloria Patri, Prayers

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Jesus Prayer belongs to Orthodoxy, defended by Gregory Palamas against the charge that its practitioners claimed to see God's essence; monks and increasingly laypeople repeat it alone on a knotted woollen cord, and teachers warn against the breathing technique without direction.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Holy Orders, Rituals

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. A married man may be ordained deacon or presbyter, though not bishop, and a man may not marry after ordination. This is the settled difference from Latin practice.

Received in the Chalcedonian form: one person known in two natures, without confusion, change, division or separation. Receiving Chalcedon is what places this church in the Eastern Orthodox communion rather than the Oriental Orthodox one.

Source The Definition of Faith of the Council of ChalcedonCouncil of Chalcedonthe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Incarnation, Doctrines

Held in the terms the Council of Chalcedon set in 451, which this church receives as the fourth of the ecumenical councils.

Source The Definition of Faith of the Council of ChalcedonCouncil of Chalcedonthe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Infants are baptised, chrismated and communicated in one rite, so initiation is complete before the child can speak.

Intinction, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Communion is given in both kinds together, the consecrated bread having been placed in the chalice and administered to each communicant from a spoon. The result is the same as intinction and the manner is not, and the practice here is ancient rather than adopted for convenience.

Jesus Prayer, Prayers

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The marriage service is the Crowning, and the priest is the minister of the sacrament rather than a witness to a contract the couple make, which is the opposite of the Roman analysis.

Matins, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Tonsure is the rite of monastic profession itself, performed in degrees, and is not a preliminary to it.

Monastic Vows, Rituals

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Monastic profession is made in degrees, the rassophore, the stavrophore and the great schema, rather than as a single set of three vows.

Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Ninth Hour is prayed daily from the Horologion and precedes Vespers, so that the liturgical day turns on it.

Nunc Dimittis, Prayers

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Sunday is kept as the day of the Resurrection and the day of the Divine Liturgy, and Saturday retains a liturgical character of its own that the West largely lost.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Byzantine rite as kept across the Eastern Orthodox churches.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Panikhida, Rituals

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Kept across the Eastern Orthodox churches.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Pilgrimage, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Pilgrimage to Mount Athos, to Jerusalem and to the shrines of local saints is a settled devotion of this church.

Prayer, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Prayer here is weighted toward the fixed cycle of the services and toward the short repeated prayer of the heart rather than toward extempore petition.

Included in the wider Eastern Orthodox Old Testament canon beyond the Trent-era Roman Catholic deuterocanon, affirmed at the Synod of Jerusalem, 1672.

Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

This church is autocephalous and governs itself. It accords the Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople a primacy of honour as first among equals, which is not a jurisdiction over it.

Source The Orthodox ChurchTimothy Ware (Kallistos Ware)
Prime, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The First Hour is prayed daily from the Horologion, appended to Matins, and was never suppressed here as Prime was in the Roman rite.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)

Included in the wider Eastern Orthodox Old Testament canon beyond the Trent-era Roman Catholic deuterocanon, affirmed at the Synod of Jerusalem, 1672.

Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Orthodox perform the same rites but have never treated seven as a fixed count, calling them mysteries; chrismation follows infant baptism at once and communion is given to infants from then on, where the West defers both.

Sext, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Sixth Hour is prayed daily from the Horologion and is joined to the Third in ordinary parish use.

Sin is described in medical rather than forensic terms: Christ the physician, the church a hospital, the passions the disease, and confession a treatment rather than a sentence.

Slava is a Serbian Orthodox household observance kept on the saint's fixed feast day.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Source The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised editionF. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.)
Terce, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Third Hour is prayed daily from the Horologion and carries the commemoration of the descent of the Holy Spirit.

The Anaphora, Rituals

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The anaphoras of St John Chrysostom and St Basil the Great are used according to a fixed calendar, the longer Basil on ten days of the year.

The Epiclesis, Rituals

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The epiclesis follows the institution narrative and is held to be the moment of consecration, which is the central Eastern difference from Western eucharistic theology.

The Fraction, Rituals

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Lamb is broken into four particles marked IC XC NI KA, one placed in the chalice, one for the clergy and two for the communion of the people.

Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Orthodox call it the Divine Liturgy, most often that of John Chrysostom, sung throughout behind an icon screen, with leavened bread and communion given in both kinds from a spoon after preparation by fasting and confession.

The liturgical books name the Theotokos ever-virgin at every service, which is where the doctrine is carried here rather than in a dogmatic definition of its own.

Source Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic ChurchIsabel Florence Hapgood (compiler and translator)
Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The institution narrative is recited within the anaphora, but the consecration is not located in it.

Theosis, Doctrines

Salvation is framed as participation in the divine life rather than as a debt discharged. The Palamite distinction between God's unknowable essence and his uncreated energies is what lets union with God be affirmed without the creature being absorbed into the divine essence.

Theotokos, Doctrines

Affirmed at Ephesus in 431 and repeated in the Chalcedonian Definition. The title is a statement about Christ before it is a statement about Mary: she is God-bearer because the one she bore is God.

Source The Definition of Faith of the Council of ChalcedonCouncil of Chalcedonthe holders' own account
Trinity, Doctrines

Confessed in the words of the creed of Nicaea and Constantinople as this church recites it, without the later Western addition to the article on the Spirit.

Source The Nicene-Constantinopolitan CreedFirst Council of Constantinoplethe holders' own account

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. Orthodoxy defended images at the seventh council and keeps them central: an icon is kissed on entering, censed, carried in procession, laid on a stand for the feast of the day, and kept in a corner of the home. It is written to a received pattern rather than invented, and generally unsigned.

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Orthodox honour Mary as Theotokos, God-bearer, and glorify saints by decision of a synod rather than through a Roman-style process; they reject the Immaculate Conception as answering a doctrine of original sin they do not hold, while keeping the Dormition.

Vespers, Practices

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church.

Viaticum, Rituals

Kept in the Serbian Orthodox Church. The Byzantine churches reserve the Lamb through the year for it.

Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account
Source The Confession of Dositheus (Synod of Jerusalem, 1672)Synod of Jerusalemthe holders' own account

Originates in Language

The Serbian Orthodox Church conducts its liturgy in Church Slavonic in its traditional form.

Source Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic ChurchIsabel Florence Hapgood (compiler and translator)
Sources
1. The Orthodox Church
Timothy Ware (Kallistos Ware), Penguin Books, 1993View the Source
2. The Oxford Dictionary of the Christian Church, 3rd revised edition
F. L. Cross and E. A. Livingstone (eds.), Oxford University Press, 2005View the Source
3. The Nicene-Constantinopolitan Creed
First Council of Constantinople, 381The Nicene Creed text
Quote, The Nicene Creed text
We believe in one God, the Father almighty, maker of heaven and earth, of all things visible and invisible.
the holders' own accountView the Source
4. Eastern Orthodoxy in Serbia (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia
5. Service Book of the Holy Orthodox-Catholic Apostolic Church
Isabel Florence Hapgood (compiler and translator), Houghton Mifflin, 1906View the Source
6. International Religious Freedom Report
United States Department of State, Office of International Religious Freedom, US Department of State, 2023View the Source
7. Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024View the Source
8. Church Membership (Saint Steven's Serbian Orthodox Cathedral)
Saint Steven's Serbian Orthodox Cathedral (saintstevens.org)View the Source
9. Religion in Serbia
Wikimedia FoundationView the Source
The Definition of Faith of the Council of Chalcedon
Council of Chalcedon, 451Session IV, Definition of Faith
Quote, Session IV, Definition of Faith
Following the holy Fathers we teach with one voice that the Son of God and our Lord Jesus Christ is to be confessed as one and the same Person, that he is perfect in Godhead and perfect in manhood, very God and very man.
the holders' own accountView the Source
Byzantine Theology: Historical Trends and Doctrinal Themes
John Meyendorff, Fordham University Press, 1979On ancestral sin, deification and the apophatic methodView the Source
Official Documents of the Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church, Crete 2016
Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church, 2016News Bulletin Number 1
Quote, News Bulletin Number 1
The Holy and Great Council of the Orthodox Church commenced on the Sunday of Pentecost, 19 June 2016, with the Pan-Orthodox concelebration of all the Primates of the participating Orthodox Churches.
View the Source
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