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Iraq

Also Known As Iraqi
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Iraq occupies ancient Mesopotamia, where some of the earliest recorded religious texts and temple institutions in human history were produced by the Sumerians and their successors, and the country later became a major center of Shia Islam, holding the shrine cities of Najaf and Karbala, among the faith's holiest sites. The population is majority Shia Muslim with a significant Sunni minority, alongside Christian communities with roots reaching back to the earliest centuries of the faith and the Yazidi religious minority, whose community suffered a documented campaign of killing, enslavement and displacement by the group calling itself Islamic State beginning in 2014, described by multiple governments and the United Nations as genocide. Baghdad was historically a major center of Islamic scholarship during the Abbasid Caliphate. The country's ancient Mesopotamian religious heritage, including cuneiform texts on creation and the afterlife, is held in the atlas as a foundation layer beneath its later Islamic and Christian history.

Facts
Law and State
Establishment Status
Declared Not Established 3
The post-2003 constitution establishes Islam as a foundation source of legislation and allocates top state offices among Shia Arab, Sunni Arab and Kurdish communities under an informal sectarian power-sharing arrangement.
State Funding Mechanism
Iraq funds religious institutions through the Sunni and Shiite Endowment Diwans, created by the Iraqi Governing Council in 2003 after the fall of the unified Ministry of Endowments and Religious Affairs; each confessional office administers and funds mosques, religious schools and endowed property for its own sect rather than a single unified state religious authority. 4
Apostasy or Blasphemy Law
Iraq's 1969 Penal Code, still in force, punishes publicly insulting a religion's rituals or inciting contempt for it under Article 372, with a maximum sentence of three years' imprisonment or a fine, increased where the act involves repetition, public dissemination or mass media. Iraq has no codified apostasy law: a Muslim who converts away from Islam faces no criminal charge under the penal code, though Iraq's Islamic-law-based personal status code can affect a convert's inheritance and custody rights, and family or tribal retaliation is a documented risk the criminal law does not address. Enforcement of Article 372 and adjacent "immoral content" provisions has intensified since the early 2020s, with courts and security agencies pursuing dozens of prosecutions against social media users, actors and journalists accused of insulting Islam or Shia religious authorities, a pattern rights monitors describe as a de facto expansion of blasphemy enforcement beyond the statute's original scope. 5
Registration or Recognition Regime
Three endowment diwans under the Prime Minister's office, the Sunni Endowment, the Shia Endowment, and the Endowment of the Christian, Yezidi and Sabaean-Mandaean Religions, administer state funds and legal recognition for the religious groups the law names: Islam, several Chaldean, Assyrian and other Eastern Christian churches, the Armenian and Roman churches, Protestant and Adventist congregations, the Yezidi faith, the Sabaean-Mandaean faith and Judaism. Recognition lets a group appoint a legal representative and hold and transact property. Outside the Kurdistan region the law provides no mechanism for a new religious group to gain recognition, and an unrecognized group's contracts are not considered legal or admissible as evidence in court. 3
Ban or Official Watchlist
Iraq's Revolutionary Command Council Law 105 of 1970, enacted under the Ba'athist government, bans the practice of the Baha'i Faith outright and prescribes up to ten years' imprisonment for adherents. The ban remains on the national books today, having reduced Iraq's Baha'i community to an estimated 2,000 people, though the Kurdistan Regional Government does not enforce it and recognizes the Baha'i Faith within its territory. 3
Concordat Basis
Iraq has no concordat with the Holy See. Article 2 of the 2005 Constitution instead declares Islam the official religion of the State and a foundation source of legislation, barring any law that contradicts the established provisions of Islam, while separately guaranteeing the full religious rights of non-Muslim Iraqis including Christians, Yazidis and Mandaeans. 6
Geography
Latitude
33.2 degrees north 2
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a country's extent has no single center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a survey measurement.
Longitude
43.7 degrees east 2
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a country's extent has no single center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a survey measurement.
Status
Legal Status
Post-2003 constitution establishes Islam as a foundation source of legislation and allocates top state offices among Shia Arab, Sunni Arab and Kurdish communities under an informal sectarian power-sharing arrangement. 3
Demographics
Religious Composition
About 55-60% Shia Muslim, 35-40% Sunni Muslim; Christian, Yazidi and Mandaean minorities have shrunk sharply since 2003 (Pew Research Center, Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020). 1
Government
Capital
Baghdad 2
Government Type
federal parliamentary republic 2
Sovereignty Status
Sovereign UN member state 2
Established Year
1932 2
3 October 1932 (from League of Nations mandate under British administration)
Location
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Religion and History in Iraq

Iraq is overwhelmingly Muslim, split between a Shia majority of around 55 to 60 percent, concentrated in the south and in Baghdad, and a Sunni minority near 35 to 40 percent, concentrated among Arabs in the west and Kurds in the north, alongside small Christian, Yazidi and Mandaean communities that have shrunk dramatically since 2003, per estimates reflected in Pew Research's Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020.

Iraq holds sites central to Shia Islam, including Najaf, burial place of Ali, the fourth caliph and first Shia Imam, and Karbala, site of Imam Husayn's 680 CE martyrdom, commemorated annually in Ashura processions that draw millions of pilgrims and stand among Shia Islam's most important devotional practices. Mesopotamia's much older religious history, predating Islam by millennia, produced Sumerian, Akkadian, Babylonian and Assyrian religious traditions whose myths and legal codes influenced later Abrahamic religious literature, and Babylon's exile-era Jewish community produced the Babylonian Talmud, a foundational rabbinic text, before Iraq's ancient Jewish population, once numbering well over a hundred thousand, emigrated almost entirely to Israel following the 1941 Farhud pogrom and the 1950s mass exodus.

Sectarian Power-Sharing and Religious Minorities After 2003

The 2003 US-led invasion that toppled Saddam Hussein's Sunni-dominated Baathist government inaugurated a new sectarian political order in which Shia parties, representing Iraq's demographic majority, gained dominant power for the first time in the modern state's history, formalized through an informal power-sharing arrangement allocating the presidency to a Kurd, the premiership to a Shia Arab and the parliamentary speakership to a Sunni Arab. This transition fueled a brutal sectarian civil conflict between roughly 2006 and 2008, with Sunni and Shia militias targeting each other's civilian communities, and later provided fertile ground for the Islamic State's 2014 seizure of Sunni-majority Mosul and much of northern and western Iraq.

The Islamic State's campaign against the Yazidis, a Kurdish-speaking religious minority with a syncretic faith drawing on Zoroastrian, Christian and Islamic elements, included mass killing and enslavement in 2014 that the United Nations has recognized as genocide, devastating a community centered on the Sinjar region.

Iraq's ancient Christian population, predominantly Chaldean Catholic and Assyrian Church of the East communities concentrated in the Nineveh Plain, and the small Mandaean community, practitioners of a Gnostic Baptist religion tied closely to John the Baptist, have both shrunk by a large majority since 2003 through emigration driven by violence and displacement.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Ancient and Historical Regions

Mesopotamia, Regions

Mesopotamia corresponds broadly to modern Iraq.

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

Associated With

This source names Iraq directly: "the Yazidi religious minority in Iraq and Syria beginning in 2014, which the report concludes constitutes genocide."

Source "They Came to Destroy": ISIS Crimes Against the YazidisIndependent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, United Nations

This source names Iraq directly: "Its Iraqi affiliate, Al-Qaeda in Iraq, evolved through several name changes into what declared itself Islamic State in 2014, after which the two organizations split and became rivals for leadership..."

This source names Iraq directly: "times been attributed to Iran, Iraq, Tunisia, Sicily and Spain; a Kairouan, Tunisia origin under Fatimid patronage is the attribution most often repeated in recent scholarship, following Jonathan..."

Source Two Folios from the Blue Qur'an, AKM477 (Aga Khan Museum)Aga Khan Museum, catalogue entry

This source names Iraq directly: "was used as a military base during the Iraq War."

Most of the river's course and all of its ancient city sites lie in present-day Iraq.

This source names Iraq directly: "2014, on the difficulty of counting Iraq's Yazidis."

Islam, Religions

About 55 to 60% Shia Muslim and 35 to 40% Sunni Muslim.

Source Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020Pew Research Center

This source names Iraq directly: "A peer reviewed article in Iraq, the journal of the British Institute for the Study of Iraq, examining Johannes Kepler's proposal that a triple conjunction of Jupiter and Saturn in Pisces in 7 BCE..."

This source names Iraq directly: "giving dated population estimates for Iraq before and after the 2003 invasion, including a 2019 Al-Monitor study figure."

Source Mandaeans (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names Iraq directly: "in Iran, Pakistan, India and Iraq)."

This source names Iraq directly: "worked at the early Abbasid court in Iraq, born in Basra and originally from Khorasan."

Source Mashallah ibn Athari (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names Iraq directly: "More than 600 killed in Iraq stampede, an Al Jazeera news report from 2005, covers the crowd crush on the Al Aimmah bridge in Baghdad during a Shia religious commemoration."

This source names Iraq directly: "in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014, Valeria Cetorelli and colleagues' 2017 study in PLOS Medicine, uses a retrospective household survey method standard in humanitarian mortality..."

This source names Iraq directly: "federal fine in 2017 over smuggled Iraqi antiquities, and the museum returned more than 17,000 looted or undocumented artifacts to Iraq and Egypt between 2018 and 2021, including cuneiform tablets..."

Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

This source names Iraq directly: "with initial raids into Sasanian Iraq in 633 and culminating in the empire's complete collapse by 651."

Took place in the Sheikhan and Sinjar districts of what is now northern Iraq.

Source Wikipedia, "Yazidis"Wikipedia contributors

This source names Iraq directly: "Mali, Mauritania, Algeria, Tunisia and Iraq among members of Al-Qaeda in the Islamic Maghreb and other jihadist groups."

Source Salafistes (Wikipedia and Studies in French Cinema)Wikipedia contributors; Maria Flood, Studies in French Cinema

This source names Iraq directly: "held Mecca, Medina and much of Iraq for over a decade before Umayyad forces under the caliph Abd al-Malik finally besieged and killed him in 692."

This source names Iraq directly: "carried the new faith across Iran and Iraq."

Source The Bab (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names Iraq directly: "history of the Shia community of Iraq, working from the documented historical record to trace how that community's religious institutions actually formed and how they related to Ottoman and later..."

Source The Shi'is of IraqYitzhak Nakash

The August 2014 assault on Sinjar, and the enslavement, captivity and displacement that followed through ISIL's territorial defeat in 2017, took place in Iraq, per The Yazidi Genocide's own event-date fact.

Source "They Came to Destroy": ISIS Crimes Against the YazidisIndependent International Commission of Inquiry on the Syrian Arab Republic, United Nations

Took place in the Sheikhan, Sinjar and Erbil districts of what is now northern Iraq.

Contains

Babylon, Cities

The ruins of Babylon lie in modern Iraq, south of Baghdad.

Basra, Cities
Karbala, Cities

Karbala is the capital of its own governorate within the Republic of Iraq.

Source The Shi'is of IraqYitzhak Nakash
Kufa, Cities
Najaf, Cities

Najaf lies within the Republic of Iraq.

Nineveh, Cities

The mounds of Nineveh lie within modern Mosul in Iraq.

Samarra, Cities

Originated Here

Assyrians, Cultures
Babylonians, Cultures
Sumerians, Cultures

Southern Iraq holds the mounds of Uruk, Ur, Eridu and Nippur.

Source The Literature of Ancient SumerJeremy Black, Graham Cunningham, Eleanor Robson and Gabor Zolyomi

Spread Events Here

Babylon, on the Euphrates in what is now Iraq.

Source Babylonian Captivity (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

The Najibiyyih garden, on the Tigris outside Baghdad.

Source Baha'u'llah (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Sources
1. Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020
Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 2025View the Source
2. The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency)
Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence AgencyView the Source
3. International Religious Freedom Report
United States Department of State, Office of International Religious Freedom, US Department of State, 2023View the Source
4. Religious Authority and the Politics of Islamic Endowments in Iraq (Carnegie Endowment, 2019)
Harith Hasan, Carnegie Endowment for International PeaceView the Source
5. End Blasphemy Laws Project: Iraq Country Page
End Blasphemy Laws (Humanists International coalition)View the Source
6. Iraq 2005 Constitution (Constitute Project)
Republic of Iraq, Constitute ProjectView the Source
The Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition
Oxford University Press, Oxford University Pressdemonym / adjectival formView the Source
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