Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
Denominations

Chabad-Lubavitch

Also Known As Chabad The usual short form, and the name under which the movement's houses operate. · Lubavitch From the Belarusian town that was the movement's centre for four generations.
Judaism

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Origin 1775 to 1797

A Hasidic movement founded by Shneur Zalman of Liadi, whose Tanya set out a contemplative practice built on the intellectual faculties whose initials give the movement its name: chochmah, binah and daat. Its later centre was the town of Lubavitch, from which its second name comes, and after the Second World War it rebuilt in Brooklyn. It is distinguished from other Hasidic groups by an outward mission to other Jews, carried on by emissary couples posted to cities worldwide. The messianic status of its seventh rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, is contested within the movement and beyond it.

Facts
Belief
Defining Doctrinal Position
The tzaddik or rebbe as spiritual intermediary and head of the community 1
Position on Sexuality
Same-sex orientation or practice is held to bar full membership or participation 2
Chabad-Lubavitch holds that Jewish law forbids homosexual conduct, and independent reporting on individuals raised in the community describes consequences going beyond a membership-open reading: accounts of expulsion from a yeshiva, being blacklisted and facing slurs after coming out, with one person stating his choices and his future family would never be celebrated in the community. Homophobia is described as widespread and the subject still largely taboo in Hasidic circles generally, and no source found documents an official pathway for an openly LGBTQ individual to hold full standing in Chabad communal life, distinguishing this reading from the membership-open pattern documented more broadly across the Haredi and Orthodox Jewish world.
Sexuality Position Detail
Chabad-Lubavitch teaches that Jewish law forbids homosexual conduct, and reporting on individuals who grew up within the movement documents real consequences beyond formal doctrine alone: accounts of being humiliated, rejected and blacklisted after coming out, one member recounting expulsion from a yeshiva and slurs directed at him. A private support network exists for LGBTQ individuals raised in Chabad precisely because, in the words of one member quoted in reporting, no official pathway exists within the community for an openly LGBTQ person's life and future family to be celebrated. A Chabad spokesman declined to comment when asked about the community's treatment of LGBTQ members, and the subject is described as still largely taboo within Hasidic circles generally. 2
Practice
Liturgical Language
Hebrew 1
Practice Status
Chabad-Lubavitch is explicitly outreach oriented, publishing its Hasidic philosophy, including the Tanya, openly and running public educational programs worldwide; it holds no closed initiatory core. 1
Observance
Observance Note
Known for its outreach (kiruv) through Chabad houses established in cities and university campuses worldwide, and for the seventh rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, whom some followers held to be the Messiah. 1
Organisation
Governance
A single central governing body over the whole movement 1
Its own record describes "an outward mission ... carried on by emissary couples posted to cities worldwide," a coordinated global structure distinct from a typical decentralised Hasidic court.
Ordination
Office passes by descent 3
Its own record calls it "A Hasidic movement" and discusses rebbe succession, matching Hasidic Judaism's own hereditary classification.
Accountability
Documented Accused Count
5
Two Chabad-Lubavitch institutions specifically, Yeshiva Bondi (Sydney) and Yeshivah Melbourne, whose response to allegations against six individuals the Australian Royal Commission examined in Case Study 22 (2015 to 2017). Not a total for Chabad-Lubavitch worldwide or for Judaism generally, and not a victim count: this is the number of individuals whose alleged conduct the Commission's own findings report examined.
Response Policy Adopted
Following the Royal Commission's Case Study 22 hearing, Yeshivah Melbourne drafted formal child protection policies and provided training to children, parents and staff, per the Commission's own Case Study 53 institutional review, a follow up hearing held 23 March 2017. 6
Scoped to Yeshivah Melbourne specifically, per this atlas's reading of the Commission's own Case Study 53 record. This atlas has not separately verified Yeshiva Bondi's own policy adoption on the same timeline, nor independently verified ongoing compliance since 2017.
Trajectory
Membership Over TimeSourced to the subject's own account
Historian Marcin Wodzinski's Historical Atlas of Hasidism (2018) estimates Chabad-Lubavitch at 90,000 to 95,000 individuals worldwide, about 13 percent of the global Hasidic population, drawn from Chabad's own community directories rather than from census or survey data. 7
Membership Figure As OfSourced to the subject's own account
2018-01-01 7
Basis of the Membership FigureSourced to the subject's own account
Scholarly or Demographic Estimate 7
Origins
Origin Period
1775 to 1797 1
Place of Origin
Liadi, and later Lyubavichi, in the Russian Empire, from which the movement takes its name. 1
Founder
Founded as a distinct Hasidic school by Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi in the late eighteenth century, and led since through an unbroken succession of Schneerson rebbes. 1
Origin of the Name
Chabad is an acronym of the Hebrew words for wisdom, understanding and knowledge (chochmah, binah, da'at); Lubavitch is the Russian town where the movement was based for over a century. 1
Status
Status Today
Living tradition, practised today 1
Finances
Basis of the Wealth Figure
Regulator Filing 4
Financial Disclosure Regime
Chabad-Lubavitch's constituent bodies, individual Chabad houses, schools and Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch itself, are separately incorporated non profit organizations that, in the United States, each file their own IRS Form 990, publicly searchable through services such as ProPublica's Nonprofit Explorer; no single consolidated worldwide account is published for the movement as a whole. 4
Financial Disclosure Regime
The US-based support charity American Friends of Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch files a public IRS Form 990, but this covers one affiliated fundraising body only. The worldwide Chabad-Lubavitch movement, organized as thousands of independently incorporated Chabad houses and institutions, has no single consolidated financial disclosure. 4
Open Questions
Institutional Wealth or Finances
No single consolidated figure found. 4
Chabad-Lubavitch operates as a decentralized network of legally separate, individually incorporated Chabad houses, schools and other affiliates worldwide, each filing its own financial disclosures rather than one combined global account; its central educational arm, Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch, is itself only one of many such incorporated bodies. See the linked open question.
Learn More
The Tanya and the Route Through the Mind

Shneur Zalman of Liadi published the Tanya in 1796, and it is still the book the movement teaches from. Its formal title, Likkutei Amarim, means collected sayings, and it is organised as a manual for a particular kind of person rather than as a systematic theology. That person is the beinoni, the intermediate one, who is neither a saint nor wicked. The appetites are all still present and are never expected to go away, but the beinoni does not act on them, does not speak from them, and does not let them occupy the mind. The emotional centre of the book is the claim that this condition is available to anyone who wants it, whereas sainthood is not.

The method is where Chabad separated from its neighbours. Much of early Hasidism worked on fervour directly, through song, movement and attachment to a rebbe whose own state carried the community with it. Chabad routed the same fervour through the intellect. Chochmah is the flash of an insight, binah is the working out of it, and daat is the settled knowledge a person actually lives from, and the initials of the three give the movement its name. Long contemplative dwelling on a divine idea is expected to produce feeling, and feeling arrived at that way was held to be more durable than feeling raised directly.

The book also carries the school cosmology, in which created things have no independent existence at all and their apparent solidity is a concealment of the divine reality that is all there is.

Emissaries, Brooklyn, and a Succession That Was Not Made

The movement as it exists today was rebuilt after the destruction of Eastern European Jewry. The sixth rebbe, Yosef Yitzchak Schneersohn, had been arrested in the Soviet Union in 1927 for organising underground Jewish education, was released and expelled, and reached New York in 1940. The Brooklyn headquarters at 770 Eastern Parkway dates from that arrival, and the street number has become a name people use on its own.

Under the seventh rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, who led the movement from 1951 until his death in 1994, Chabad built the institution it is now best known for. The shluchim are emissary couples sent to a city, usually young and usually for life, with a mandate to serve any Jew who arrives rather than to gather a congregation of Chabad Hasidim. That outward turn is the sharpest structural difference between Chabad and most other Hasidic groups, which direct their energy inward to their own community, and it explains why Chabad houses appear in places with no Hasidic population at all, on university campuses and in cities across the world.

No successor was appointed after 1994 and none has been. Some within the movement hold that the seventh rebbe is the messiah, a position others inside it reject and which has been argued over in the wider Orthodox world for three decades. The atlas records that the question is contested rather than settling it. What is not in question is that the emissary network continued to expand through the argument, which says something about how the movement is actually held together.

Controversies and Responses

Two distinct clusters of documented controversy run through Chabad-Lubavitch's record.

The first is a messianism dispute inside Orthodox Judaism itself, already carried in this atlas's own account of the succession that was not made after the seventh rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, died in 1994 with no successor named. A significant portion within the movement holds that he remains the messiah and will return to complete his mission, a position the movement's central organisation has not unified around one way or the other. The mainstream Orthodox rabbinate has treated the claim as a serious departure: the Rabbinical Council of America's 1996 convention resolution declared there is not and has never been a place in Judaism for a messiah who dies before completing his mission, without naming Chabad directly, and Rabbi David Berger's 2001 monograph documents the wider Orthodox rabbinic response and argues mainstream leadership treated the matter with far less urgency than its theological stakes warranted.

The second is the child sexual abuse cluster already carried on this atlas's Australian Royal Commission record. The Commission's Case Study 22 examined allegations against individuals connected to Yeshivah Melbourne and Yeshiva Bondi, both Chabad-Lubavitch institutions, recording allegations against six individuals; three were subsequently convicted in Australian courts. Chabad's documented response in both clusters has been institutional continuity rather than a formal reconciliation statement: the emissary network that carries the movement's outreach work has continued expanding through both disputes rather than pausing to resolve either.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

Belongs to Tradition

Judaism, Religions

Branch Of

Judaism, Religions

Contained In

Chabad-Lubavitch is a Hasidic court, contained within Hasidic Judaism specifically rather than the broader Haredi umbrella.

Holds Element

Chabad men fasten the belt for prayer as other Hasidim do, though the movement does not keep the fur hat that marks most of the courts.

Kabbalah, Disciplines

Chabad is named for the three highest of the sephirot, and its founding work sets out a Kabbalistic psychology as a practical discipline for ordinary people.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Metatron, Archangels

Chabad teaching treats Metatron as a real order of being within the Lurianic scheme its own literature works from.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Michael, Archangels

Chabad keeps the angelic texts of the traditional liturgy and reads them through the Lurianic frame set out in the movement's own writings.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

Maimonides' Mishneh Torah is held as an authoritative code of Jewish law.

Source Mishneh TorahMoses Maimonides
Niggun, Sacred Sound

Chabad has catalogued and published its niggunim and teaches particular melodies with named origins, which is why its repertory is the one most often heard outside Hasidism.

Source Music in Lubavitcher LifeEllen Koskoff

Chabad teaching uses gematria freely as an interpretive method within its Kabbalistic frame.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Raziel, Archangels

Chabad keeps Raziel within the wider angelic scheme its Kabbalistic literature inherits.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Sandalphon, Archangels

Chabad receives Sandalphon among the angels of the talmudic and Kabbalistic tradition.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

The public phylactery campaign, begun in 1967, made the laying of them by any Jewish man the movement's most visible outreach and its most recognisable street practice.

Held, and the seventh rebbe of this dynasty, who died in 1994, has had no successor, so the office is held by a man no longer living.

Chabad maintains its own network of yeshivas whose curriculum places Hasidic texts alongside the Talmud.

Held Differently

Nusach, Sacred Sound

Chabad prays Nusach Ari, the recension the movement's founder compiled from the Lurianic sources, which differs in wording from the Nusach Sefard of the other Hasidic courts.

Shulchan Aruch, Other Writings

The Shulchan Aruch is held as authoritative; this stream follows the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, Shneur Zalman's own edition, within the wider Shulchan Aruch tradition.

Source Tanya (Likkutei Amarim)Shneur Zalman of Liady

Objects and Practices of This Tradition

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Tzedakah is a duty of justice rather than an act of generosity, and the word does not mean charity.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. A boy becomes obligated at thirteen and reads from the Torah. A girl becomes obligated at twelve, and the manner in which that is publicly marked varies widely across this body and is not a Torah reading.

Bedeken, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The groom veils the bride before the ceremony.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The search for leaven is made by candlelight on the night before Passover eve.

Bittul, Doctrines

Bittul, self-nullification before God, is central to this stream's theology, developed at length in the Tanya's account of the intellectual faculties chochmah, binah and daat.

Source Tanya (Likkutei Amarim)Shneur Zalman of Liady

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Brit Milah is performed by a mohel on the eighth day, and the day is not moved for convenience.

Burial, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Burial is in the earth, without embalming, ordinarily within a day.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Chalitzah, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Chalitzah is performed where a man dies childless and his brother declines to marry the widow, and it is what releases her to remarry.

Chosenness, Doctrines

Israel's election is affirmed in classical form, underwriting this stream's mission of outreach to other Jews wherever they live.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Chuppah, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The marriage is solemnised under the canopy.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Orthodox practice holds brit milah on the eighth day without exception unless the child's health forbids, performed by a trained mohel with blessings and the naming, and the day is not deferred for the Sabbath or a festival.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Coming of age is a matter of obligation taking effect at a fixed age rather than of a ceremony conferring it.

A wordless meditative melody composed by Chabad-Lubavitch's own founding Rebbe, sung only on the movement's own especially significant occasions and understood within the community as a primary form of spiritual communication.

The judge of a rabbinical court sits under the law of the Shulchan Aruch's Choshen Mishpat, which governs the constitution of a beit din, the competence required of those who sit on it and the procedure it follows.

Source Shulchan AruchJoseph Karo
Devekut, Doctrines

Devekut, cleaving to God, is cultivated through the contemplative discipline of this stream's own system, set out in the Tanya.

Source Tanya (Likkutei Amarim)Shneur Zalman of Liady
Fasting, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The public fasts of the calendar are kept, the two full fasts from sunset to nightfall and the four minor fasts from dawn.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Giyur, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Conversion requires acceptance of the commandments before a rabbinic court, circumcision where applicable, and immersion, and conversions performed outside this body are not recognised.

Hakafot, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Hakafot are made with the Torah scrolls on Simchat Torah.

Halakha, Doctrines

Halakha is held divinely given and binding, the shared Orthodox floor beneath this stream's distinctive contemplative and outreach emphasis.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Hashkiveinu, Prayers
Hitbonenut, Practices

Hitbonenut, sustained analytical meditation on a concept until it moves the emotions, is the discipline the Tanya sets out and it is what distinguishes this body's inner life.

Source Tanya (Likkutei Amarim)Shneur Zalman of Liady
Hoshanot, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Hoshanot are said with the four species on each day of Sukkot.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Kabbalat Shabbat opens the Sabbath on Friday evening.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Orthodox observance keeps the full detail: separate dishes and sinks for meat and dairy, a waiting period after meat before dairy, reliance on recognised rabbinic supervision for processed food, and separate arrangements for Passover.

Kever Avot, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Visiting the graves of parents and of the righteous is customary before the High Holy Days.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Betrothal and marriage, once separate by a year, are performed together under the canopy.

Kriah, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. A garment is torn by the mourners.

Maariv, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Maariv is prayed at night.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Marriage is contracted by the giving of an object of value in the presence of two witnesses, and it is followed by the seven blessings.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The dead are remembered at Yizkor on four days of the year.

Messiah, Doctrines

Why this is disputed. A personal Messiah is awaited; the messianic status of this stream's seventh rebbe, Menachem Mendel Schneerson, remains contested within the movement and beyond it. A minority faction, generally called meshichists, holds he was or remains the Messiah even after his 1994 death, a position the movement's mainstream leadership and most other Orthodox Jewish authorities have publicly rejected as a departure from normative belief.

Midrashic literature is held as authoritative rabbinic interpretation of scripture.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Immersion is required for conversion, for family purity, and for vessels bought from a non-Jew.

Mincha, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Mincha is prayed in the afternoon.

The Mishnah is held as authoritative rabbinic tradition reaching back to Sinai.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

Maimonides' Mishneh Torah is held as an authoritative code of Jewish law.

Source Mishneh TorahMoses Maimonides

Circumcision and the fitness of the one who performs it are governed by the Shulchan Aruch's Yoreh De'ah, which fixes the rite, its timing and the conditions under which it may be deferred.

Source Shulchan AruchJoseph Karo
Musaf, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Musaf is prayed on Sabbaths, new moons and festivals, and it asks in plain words for the restoration of the Temple and its offerings.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Mussar, the disciplined work on character, entered the yeshiva world in the nineteenth century and is taught in many of them.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. A boy is named at his circumcision, a girl at a Torah reading.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Hands are washed with a vessel on rising and before eating bread.

Niddah, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The laws of family purity are kept, with immersion in a mikveh at their conclusion, and they are among the observances that most distinguish this body in practice.

Nusach Sefard, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Nusach Sefard is used in the Hasidic congregations of this body.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Orthodox observance keeps the full thirty-nine categories of forbidden work, so no writing, cooking, carrying outside an eruv, or use of electricity, with timers set beforehand, and the day given to synagogue, meals, study and rest.

The Oral Torah in its entirety is held as revealed at Sinai and equally binding with the Written Torah.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Oseh Shalom, Prayers

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The Seder is conducted from the Haggadah in full, with the four cups and the four questions.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Pesukei Dezimra opens the morning service.

Pidyon Haben, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. A firstborn son of a mother is redeemed from a kohen on the thirty-first day, unless the father is a kohen or a levi.

Pilgrimage, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Pilgrimage to the Western Wall and to the graves of the righteous stands in place of the three pilgrim festivals that required attendance at a Temple that no longer stands.

Prayer, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Prayer is obligatory, fixed in text and in time, and the obligation falls on men three times daily.

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The Purim play is a licensed annual reversal, and in the yeshivot it is turned on the institution itself.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The Omer is counted aloud, with a blessing, on each of the forty-nine nights.

Selichot, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Selichot are said in the penitential season and on the fast days.

Shabbat, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The Sabbath as a day of prescribed rest, prayer and meals is the frame the whole week is built on.

Shacharit, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Shacharit is prayed daily, ordinarily with a quorum of ten, with tefillin on weekdays.

Shema Yisrael, Prayers
Shemira, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The body is watched continuously from death until burial.

Sheva Brachot, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The seven blessings are said under the canopy and repeated at meals through the following week.

Shiva, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Seven days of mourning are kept at home, the mourners seated low and not going out.

Shloshim, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Thirty days of lesser mourning follow the seven.

The slaughterer's qualification and practice are governed in detail by the Shulchan Aruch's Yoreh De'ah, which sets both the law of shechitah and the requirement that a shochet be examined and licensed before he may act for a community.

Source Shulchan AruchJoseph Karo

The Shulchan Aruch is held as authoritative; this stream follows the Shulchan Aruch HaRav, Shneur Zalman's own edition, within the wider Shulchan Aruch tradition.

Source Tanya (Likkutei Amarim)Shneur Zalman of Liady

The scribe's work is governed by the Shulchan Aruch's Yoreh De'ah, which sets the law for the writing of Torah scrolls, tefillin and mezuzot, down to the forming of the letters and the intention required while writing the divine name.

Source Shulchan AruchJoseph Karo

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Scribal work on Torah scrolls, tefillin and mezuzot is done to the received halakhic standards, and a scroll that fails them is not used.

Tahara, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The body is washed and purified by the burial society before dressing.

The Talmud is held as authoritative and binding, the shared Orthodox floor of this stream's legal observance.

Source The Babylonian TalmudAnonymous (multiple authors)

The Tanakh is held as divinely revealed scripture.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)
Tithing, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. Maaser, the tenth, is given from income, and the practice survived the loss of the agricultural tithes it began as.

The Torah is held as verbatim divine revelation given at Sinai.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

Affirmed in the classical Orthodox form, elaborated in Shneur Zalman of Liadi's Tanya through the Lurianic Kabbalah that grounds this stream's theology.

Source Tanya (Likkutei Amarim)Shneur Zalman of Liady
Upsherin, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. A boy's first haircut is delayed to his third birthday.

Yahrzeit, Practices

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The Yahrzeit is kept with Kaddish and a lamp on the anniversary of a death.

Yichud, Rituals

Kept in Chabad-Lubavitch. The couple withdraw alone after the ceremony, which completes the marriage in halakhah.

Yizkor, Prayers

Studied By

Sources
1. The Rebbe's Army: Inside the World of Chabad-Lubavitch
Sue Fishkoff, Schocken Books, 2003
2. Secret LGBTQ Chabad Group Fills Void (Hannah Dreyfus, New York Jewish Week / JTA)
New York Jewish Week / Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 2016the stated position on sexuality and its supporting detailView the Source
3. The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe
Gershon David Hundert (ed.), Yale University Press / YIVO Institute for Jewish Research, 2008entry on Habad Hasidism and its Russian and American periodsView the Source
4. American Friends of Merkos L'Inyonei Chinuch Chabad Lubavitch, IRS Form 990 (ProPublica Nonprofit Explorer)
ProPublicaView the Source
5. Case Study 22: Yeshiva Bondi and Yeshivah Melbourne, Findings Report
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, Commonwealth of Australia, 2017View the Source
6. Case Study 53: Institutional Review of Yeshiva/h, Findings Report
Royal Commission into Institutional Responses to Child Sexual Abuse, Commonwealth of Australia, 2017View the Source
7. Chabad (Wikipedia)
Wikipedia contributors, WikipediaView the Source
Tanya (Likkutei Amarim)
Shneur Zalman of Liady, 1797View the Source
Music in Lubavitcher Life
Ellen Koskoff, University of Illinois Press, 2001
Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd edition
Michael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.), Macmillan Reference USA, 2007entries on Habad and on Shneur Zalman of LyadyView the Source
Founder of Hasidism: A Quest for the Historical Ba'al Shem Tov
Moshe Rosman, University of California Press, 1996
Mishneh Torah
Moses MaimonidesView the Source
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