Divinity Atlas

Sacred Correspondences
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Israel

Also Known As Israeli
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Israel and the wider land it occupies are sacred ground for Judaism, Christianity and Islam alike, holding Jerusalem's Temple Mount and Western Wall, the Church of the Holy Sepulchre and the Dome of the Rock within a few hundred metres of each other. The modern state, founded in 1948, is religiously plural in practice, with a Jewish majority spanning secular, traditional, religious Zionist and Haredi communities, alongside Muslim, Christian, Druze and Baha'i populations, the last of which maintains its world administrative center at the Baha'i Gardens in Haifa. Jerusalem's status and access to its holy sites remain internationally contested and are treated here as disputed rather than settled fact. The Dead Sea Scrolls, discovered at Qumran in the twentieth century, were recovered from this territory and transformed scholarship on Second Temple Judaism and early Christianity.

Facts
Law and State
Establishment Status
Declared Not Established 3
Defined by Basic Law as the nation-state of the Jewish people since 2018, alongside separate Basic Laws guaranteeing freedom of religion and conscience; the Temple Mount, Haram al-Sharif, is administered by a Jordanian funded Waqf under Israeli security control.
State Funding Mechanism
Israel funds Jewish religious services through a two-tier budget rather than a general religious tax. Around 129 local religious councils, each an independent public body under the Ministry of Religious Services, deliver kashrut supervision, ritual bathhouses, burial, marriage registration and rabbinical services; local authorities are required to contribute one and a half times the government's own allocation to a council, so a council's core budget runs roughly sixty percent local and forty percent national, with the annual state budget law setting the total sum the government may allocate to all religious councils, 952 million shekels in 2022. Salaries for the roughly 120 municipal chief rabbis and for religious council staff are paid out of this combined local and national budget rather than a separate clergy stipend; Reform and Conservative rabbis serving Israel's regional councils, outside the largest cities, began receiving state salaries on equal terms with Orthodox counterparts only from 2014, after decades in which this funding reached Orthodox rabbis alone. Muslim, Druze and Christian religious functionaries and courts in Israel are funded through separate government frameworks outside this Jewish religious council structure. 4
Apostasy or Blasphemy Law
Israel's Penal Law, Section 173, criminalizes publishing material liable to crudely offend the religious faith or sentiment of others, or voicing such words in public within another person's hearing, punishable by up to one year's imprisonment. The provision has drawn academic debate over whether it strikes the right balance between protecting religious sentiment and freedom of expression. 3
Registration or Recognition Regime
Recognition of a religious community in Israel runs through two tracks both inherited from before the state's founding: a Christian community recognized under the Ottoman millet system, among them the Eastern Orthodox, Latin Catholic, Armenian, Syrian Catholic, Chaldean, Greek Catholic Melkite, Maronite, Syrian Orthodox and Evangelical Episcopal communities, or a community such as the Anglican or Baha'i, recognized instead under a British Mandate era law. Recognized status brings its own religious council and jurisdiction over its members' personal status matters such as marriage and divorce; Judaism's own religious councils, some 133 of them, answer to the Ministry of Religious Services, while the Ministry of Interior's Department of Non-Jewish Affairs oversees the rest, including the Druze community's council. 3
Ban or Official Watchlist
Israel does not ban any religion, but it restricts one specific practice by law rather than banning any group outright. Section 174 of the 1977 Penal Law forbids proselytizing another person to change their religion by means of material benefit, and Section 368 forbids persuading or encouraging a minor under eighteen to change religion and forbids any conversion ceremony for a minor without the consent of both parents; the measure targets a method of religious inducement, not a banned religion or organization. 5
Concordat Basis
The Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel, signed in Jerusalem on 30 December 1993, established relations in two phases: an immediate exchange of Special Representatives at the rank of Apostolic Nuncio and Ambassador, followed by full diplomatic relations through an Apostolic Nunciature and an Israeli Embassy once the agreement entered into force, which took effect the same year. Its Article 10 has both parties jointly reaffirm the Catholic Church's right to property in Israel and commits them to negotiate a further, comprehensive agreement resolving unclear, unsettled and disputed property, economic and fiscal matters, intended to begin within three months and conclude within two years; that follow-on fiscal and property agreement was not concluded on the original schedule and outstanding issues between the parties continued afterward. 6
Disputed
Capital
Jerusalem is the seat of the Israeli government and the capital named in Israeli law; most UN member states and the United Nations itself do not recognize this, treating the city's status as unresolved pending a permanent settlement, and most countries maintain their embassies in or near Tel Aviv. 2
Jerusalem is named the capital of Israel in Israeli law and functions as the seat of the Israeli government, including the Knesset and the Prime Minister's office, but most United Nations member states and the United Nations itself do not recognise this status, treating Jerusalem's ultimate status as unresolved pending a permanent settlement of the Israeli-Palestinian conflict, in which Palestinians also claim East Jerusalem as the intended capital of a future Palestinian state. Consistent with non-recognition, most countries maintain their embassies to Israel in or near Tel Aviv rather than in Jerusalem, though a smaller number, including the United States since 2018, have relocated their embassies to Jerusalem, itself a contested diplomatic act read by Palestinians and much of the international community as prejudging the city's disputed status. The dispute is over whether a state's own designation of its capital is sufficient for international recognition when the territory in question is also claimed by another party to an active conflict, a question the CIA World Factbook's descriptive entry itself is not positioned to resolve.
Legal Status
Defined by Basic Law as the nation-state of the Jewish people (2018) alongside Basic Laws guaranteeing freedom of religion and conscience; the Temple Mount/Haram al-Sharif is administered by a Jordanian-funded Waqf under Israeli security control. 3
Israel's 2018 Basic Law, Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People, defines Israel constitutionally in specifically Jewish national terms, standing alongside separate, earlier Basic Laws that guarantee freedom of religion and conscience to all residents regardless of the 2018 law's framing. The Temple Mount, called Haram al-Sharif in its Islamic designation, sharing the same physical site sacred to Judaism and Islam, is administered day to day by a Jordanian-funded Waqf, an Islamic religious trust, while remaining under overall Israeli security control, an arrangement in which Israeli, Jordanian and Palestinian authorities actively dispute both sovereignty over the site and the specific terms of prayer access for Jewish and Muslim worshippers respectively. The State Department's report documents this administrative arrangement as the current operative status without adjudicating the underlying sovereignty dispute, which long predates the 2018 Basic Law and is bound up with the wider unresolved Israeli-Palestinian conflict. Resolution would require a negotiated settlement of that wider conflict rather than any change to religious freedom law specifically.
Demographics
Religious Composition
About 73-74% Jewish, roughly 18% Muslim, with smaller Christian (about 2%) and Druze (about 1.5%) minorities (Israel Central Bureau of Statistics; Pew Research Center, Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020). 1
Government
Government Type
parliamentary democracy 2
Sovereignty Status
Sovereign UN member state 2
Established Year
1948 2
14 May 1948 (following League of Nations mandate under British administration)
Geography
Latitude
31 degrees north 2
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a country's extent has no single center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a survey measurement.
Longitude
34.9 degrees east 2
Approximate reference point, rounded to one decimal place; a country's extent has no single center, so this coordinate is conventional, not a survey measurement.
Location
Location of Israel Afghanistan Albania Algeria Angola Argentina Armenia Australia Austria Azerbaijan Bahrain Bangladesh Barbados Belarus Belgium Benin Bhutan Bolivia Bosnia and Herzegovina Botswana Brazil Bulgaria Burkina Faso Burundi Cabo Verde Cambodia Cameroon Canada Chile China Colombia Costa Rica Croatia Cuba Cyprus Czech Republic Democratic Republic of the Congo Denmark Dominican Republic Ecuador Egypt El Salvador Estonia Eswatini Ethiopia Federated States of Micronesia Fiji Finland France French Polynesia Gabon Georgia Germany Ghana Greece Guam Guatemala Haiti Honduras Hong Kong Hungary Iceland India Indonesia Iran Iraq Ireland Israel Italy Ivory Coast Jamaica Japan Jordan Kazakhstan Kenya Kuwait Laos Latvia Lebanon Libya Lithuania Madagascar Malawi Malaysia Mali Malta Mauritius Mexico Moldova Mongolia Morocco Mozambique Myanmar Namibia Nepal Netherlands New Zealand Nigeria North Macedonia Norway Oman Pakistan Palestine Panama Papua New Guinea Paraguay Peru Philippines Poland Portugal Puerto Rico Qatar Romania Russia Rwanda Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Samoa Saudi Arabia Senegal Serbia Sierra Leone Singapore Slovakia Slovenia Solomon Islands South Africa South Korea South Sudan Spain Sri Lanka Sudan Suriname Sweden Switzerland Syria Taiwan Tanzania Thailand Tonga Trinidad and Tobago Tunisia Turkey Uganda Ukraine United Arab Emirates United Kingdom United States Uruguay Uzbekistan Vanuatu Vatican City Venezuela Vietnam Yemen Zambia Zimbabwe
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Religion and History in Israel

Israel is home to a Jewish majority of roughly 73 to 74 percent alongside an Arab minority of about 21 percent, mostly Muslim with smaller Christian and Druze communities, according to Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics and reflected in Pew Research's Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020. The land holds sites central to Judaism, Christianity and Islam alike: the Temple Mount and Western Wall in Jerusalem's Old City, venerated by Jews as the site of the First and Second Temples; the Church of the Holy Sepulchre, marking the traditional site of Jesus's crucifixion and resurrection for Christians; and the Dome of the Rock and al-Aqsa Mosque, Islam's third holiest site, commemorating Muhammad's Night Journey.

Jewish presence in the land predates the Roman era, with the Second Temple's destruction in 70 CE beginning a long diaspora; the modern state was established in 1948 following the 1917 Balfour Declaration and the British Mandate period, drawing Jewish immigration from Europe, the Middle East and North Africa. Christian communities include ancient Eastern rites, Latin Catholics and Protestants, while the Druze, an offshoot of Ismaili Islam with a closed esoteric theology, serve in the Israeli military distinct from other Arab citizens.

Contested Sovereignty at Jerusalem's Holy Sites

Jerusalem's Temple Mount, called Haram al-Sharif in Arabic, sits at the center of one of the world's most contested religious arrangements: since 1967 Israel has held security control while a Jordanian-funded Islamic trust, the Waqf, administers day-to-day religious affairs there under a long-standing status quo arrangement. Jewish prayer at the site itself is restricted under this arrangement, directing Jewish worship instead to the adjacent Western Wall, though visits and calls for expanded Jewish prayer rights have grown more frequent and more contested in recent years, drawing sharp Palestinian and wider Muslim objection.

Bethlehem's Church of the Nativity and Jerusalem's Church of the Holy Sepulchre operate under a nineteenth-century Ottoman arrangement called the Status Quo, dividing custody among Greek Orthodox, Roman Catholic and Armenian Apostolic authorities, with Ethiopian Orthodox, Syriac and Coptic communities holding smaller rights; disputes over this division have occasionally produced physical altercations among monks. Israel's Basic Laws provide freedom of religion and conscience while defining the state as Jewish and democratic, a formulation addressed at length in the country's Basic Law: Israel as the Nation-State of the Jewish People, enacted in 2018, whose balance remains a live constitutional and political question.

Cross-Tradition Connections

Associated With

This source names Israel directly: "to Ethiopia, and, as JDC's programs in Israel serve all populations at risk, aids non-Jewish populations as well."

Source The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Inc.: Consolidated Financial Statements, Year Ended December 31, 2024The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee, Inc.; audited by Grant Thornton LLP

This source names Israel directly: "Campaign, 683 million through the Israel Emergency Campaign, 248 million in other fundraising revenue, plus donor advised fund and endowment distributions, described in the article's own words as..."

Source Amid War, Jewish Federation Giving Rose $1 Billion in 2024Jewish Federations of North America

This source names Israel directly: "Lester Grabbe is a historian of ancient Israel and the Second Temple period, and this book's whole method is stated in its title, it asks what can actually be known and by what evidence, rather than..."

This source names Israel directly: "Channel Seven and known in English as Israel National News, was founded in October 1988 by Rabbi Zalman Baruch Melamed, broadcasting without a license from the ship MV Eretz HaTzvi anchored in the..."

Israel holds one of the two largest Ashkenazi communities today, alongside the United States.

Source The YIVO Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern EuropeGershon David Hundert (ed.)

Almost the whole community now lives in Israel, following the airlifts of 1984 to 1991.

Chafetz Chaim, Sources

This source names Israel directly: "Israel Meir Kagan's Chafetz Chaim is a primary source, the influential nineteenth century halakhic work by the rabbi who took his own popular name from the book's title, systematically codifying..."

Source Chafetz ChaimIsrael Meir Kagan
Chesed, Virtues

This source names Israel directly: "God's own steadfast love toward Israel, and Pirkei Avot names deeds of chesed as one of the three things the world stands on."

Source The Mishnah: A New TranslationJacob Neusner, trans.

This source names Israel directly: "The Amsterdam rabbi Menasseh ben Israel arrived in London in September 1655 to press for the readmission of Jews to England, appealing to millenarian hopes stirred by the Commonwealth's Puritan..."

Qumran and the scroll caves lie on the northwestern shore, and the Israel Museum holds the principal manuscripts.

This source names Israel directly: "asserts that God is unique or that Israel worships him alone."

This source names Israel directly: "A World Israel News report on Israel's Central Bureau of Statistics' annual Druze population release, stating the Druze population of Israel grew from 14,500 in 1949 to approximately 149,000 at the..."

Elisha, Figures

His entire recorded ministry, from Gilgal to Samaria to Dothan, takes place within the northern kingdom of Israel.

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

This source names Israel directly: "halakha, biography, communities, Israel and the Holocaust from antiquity to the present across denominations from Orthodox to Reform."

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

This source names Israel directly: "of Exodus and the origins of biblical Israel, published by Schocken Books."

This source names Israel directly: "and James Ossuary, issued by the Israel Antiquities Authority in 2003, is the official conclusion of the government committees empanelled to examine both artifacts, finding that the second..."

This source names Israel directly: "Press book is his archival study of Israel ben Eliezer, the Ba'al Shem Tov, separating what can actually be documented about the historical man from the extensive hagiographic tradition that grew up..."

This source names Israel directly: "to all living things and not only to Israel."

This source names Israel directly: "festival observance, taught British Israelism, the identification of the British and American peoples as descendants of the ten lost tribes of Israel, and rejected the Trinity."

This source names Israel directly: "Israel Yeivin's Introduction to the Tiberian Masorah, translated and edited by E."

Source Introduction to the Tiberian MasorahIsrael Yeivin; E. J. Revell (trans. and ed.)

This source names Israel directly: "own words, "You are My servant, O Israel" (Isaiah 41:8) and "You are My servant, Israel" (Isaiah 49:3), and his own stated conclusion, "there is no reason that the 'servant' in Isaiah 53 would..."

Source Isaiah 53: The Suffering Servant (Aish)Marshall Roth
Islam, Religions

About 18% of the population is Muslim.

Source Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020Pew Research Center

This source names Israel directly: "This is the Israel Antiquities Authority's own custodial record for the Caiaphas Ossuary, describing the statutory authority's 1990 establishment, its excavation of the ossuary and its ongoing..."

Source Israel Antiquities Authority (institutional record)the holders' own account

This source names Israel directly: "Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman are, respectively, an archaeologist and a historian, and this book, published by Free Press, presents an archaeologically grounded reassessment of the..."

Source Israel Finkelstein and Neil Asher Silberman, The Bible UnearthedIsrael Finkelstein, Neil Asher Silberman

This source names Israel directly: "Wikipedia's article on Israel Regardie, consulted 2026-08-12."

Source Israel Regardie (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names Israel directly: "University, published in the journal Israel Affairs, examining Kol Barama's exclusion of women broadcasters and the resulting court case."

This source names Israel directly: "Israel in Egypt: The Evidence for the Authenticity of the Exodus Tradition, James Hoffmeier's 1997 study from Oxford University Press, argues for the historical plausibility of the Exodus tradition..."

This source names Israel directly: "live synagogue services and Israel news."

This source names Israel directly: "In its own context it promises a renewal of the covenant with Israel, not its replacement."

This source names Israel directly: "(established 1939) and the United Israel Appeal, and renamed the Jewish Federations of North America in October 2009."

Source Jewish Federations of North America (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

This source names Israel directly: "Rabbi Israel Salanter founded the formal movement in Lithuania in the 1840s, establishing houses of mussar where students combined the communal study of these texts with a disciplined, almost..."

The western baptism site at Qasr al-Yahud lies in a former military zone whose minefields were cleared only from 2018.

Judaism, Religions

About 73 to 74% of the population is Jewish.

Source Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020Pew Research Center

This source names Israel directly: "in 2009 and based in Bnei Brak, Israel, licensed and regulated by Israel's Second Authority for Television and Radio."

This source names Israel directly: "Kol Chai is a radio station in Israel established in 1996 and based in Bnei Brak, serving both Haredi (ultra-Orthodox) and National Religious (religious Zionist) listeners, a combined audience..."

This source names Israel directly: "is held by the National Library of Israel and was exhibited by the ANU Museum of the Jewish People, and both institutions' own pages on the object returned an access error to direct reading and were..."

This source names Israel directly: "Judah-Sinai Border, published by the Israel Exploration Society in 2012, is the final peer reviewed excavation report on the site whose pithos inscriptions, blessing by Yahweh and his asherah, are..."

This source names Israel directly: "the earliest known external mention of Israel, naming it as a people in Canaan rather than a settled state."

Source Merneptah steleAnonymous (royal scribes of Merneptah)

This source names Israel directly: "excavation report issued by the Israel Antiquities Authority, and its standing rests on that documented excavation itself, the physically excavated remains of the Samaritan temple and city on Mount..."

Source Mount Gerizim ExcavationsYitzhak Magen

This source names Israel directly: "of the liturgical music of the Beta Israel, the Ethiopian Jewish community sometimes historically called Falasha, based on fieldwork Shelemay conducted in Ethiopia in the 1970s before large-scale..."

Source Music, Ritual, and Falasha HistoryKay Kaufman Shelemay

This source names Israel directly: "the largest Jewish population outside Israel and one of the most religiously diverse urban populations in the world."

This source names Israel directly: "recording seven days for the Land of Israel and Reform communities against eight for much of the traditional Diaspora."

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

This source names Israel directly: "work on purity and impurity in ancient Israel is itself a standard reference."

This source names Israel directly: "by addressing it to the children of Israel."

Source The Quran, Sacred Books of the East, volumes 6 and 9E. H. Palmer (translator)

This source names Israel directly: "is the standard academic account of Israel Salanter and the Mussar movement he founded, including its distinctive houses of mussar and its setting within Lithuanian Orthodox Judaism."

This source names Israel directly: "Bobo Ashanti, the Twelve Tribes of Israel, at a survey level rather than in the depth a claim about one specific mansion's internal doctrine or dispute would need, for which a source focused on that..."

Source Rastafari: A Very Short IntroductionEnnis B. Edmonds

This source names Israel directly: "records two days even in the Land of Israel, since the festival falls on the first of its own month, the hardest new moon to confirm in advance."

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

This source names Israel directly: "and Canada, led by its president Rabbi Israel Rosenberg, convened a herem, a formal excommunication ceremony, against Kaplan at New York's Hotel McAlpin, declaring the book contrary to the..."

Israel holds the largest Sephardic population today, with its own Sephardic chief rabbinate.

This source names Israel directly: "sixth of Sivan, one day in the Land of Israel and among Reform communities and two through much of the traditional Diaspora, the same split pattern as Passover."

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

This source names Israel directly: "In Israel it is kept as the same day as Simchat Torah, the Torah reading cycle's completion; in much of the traditional Diaspora, where a second festival day was historically kept, the two..."

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

This source names Israel directly: "This is the Israel Museum, Jerusalem's own Shrine of the Book resource, the museum's digital presentation of the Dead Sea Scrolls, including the Great Isaiah Scroll, and of the surviving portion of..."

This source names Israel directly: "the creation of the State of Israel as a theological reality and the Holocaust as a moral tragedy directly into its liturgy."

Source Siddur Sim Shalom and Jules Harlow (The Forward and JTA)The Forward and Jewish Telegraphic Agency obituary staff; the Rabbinical Assembly

This source names Israel directly: "second of Tishrei in the Land of Israel, immediately after Sukkot and combined with Shemini Atzeret in Israeli practice, marking the completion of the annual cycle of public Torah reading before it..."

Source Encyclopaedia Judaica, 2nd editionMichael Berenbaum and Fred Skolnik (eds.)

This source names Israel directly: "Agudath Israel of America's own statement on its official site, dated 26 June 2015, responding to the U.S."

This source names Israel directly: "March 2025 and read via The Times of Israel, on interim President Ahmed al-Sharaa signing Syria's transitional Constitutional Declaration on 13 March 2025, which keeps the requirement that Syria's..."

This source names Israel directly: "the surviving portion now held at the Israel Museum, with direct institutional authority over these custodial facts."

Source The Aleppo Codex Online (Yad Ben-Zvi Institute)the holders' own account

This source names Israel directly: "standard scholarly history of the Beta Israel, the Ethiopian Jewish community, from its earliest documented period through the twentieth century."

This source names Israel directly: "Greenhut is an archaeologist with the Israel Antiquities Authority, and this Atiqot article is his excavation report on the tomb and ossuaries discovered in 1990 in the Peace Forest, Jerusalem..."

This source names Israel directly: "is a scholarly history of the Beta Israel, the Ethiopian Jewish community, tracing their history up to 1920, published by the University of Pennsylvania Press."

This source names Israel directly: "This is Israel Regardie's own compendium of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn's rituals, knowledge lectures and correspondence tables, compiled and published by a former member of the order..."

Source The Golden DawnIsrael Regardie

This source names Israel directly: "deck's correspondences directly from Israel Regardie's published Golden Dawn material rather than developing them independently."

Source The Golden Dawn Tarot (U.S. Games Systems listing)Robert Wang, from Israel Regardie's Golden Dawn material

This source names Israel directly: "Israel Regardie's published compilation of the Hermetic Order of the Golden Dawn's own internal papers, the primary documentary record of the order's actual rituals and teaching materials rather..."

This source names Israel directly: "remains at each site it covers across Israel, Palestine and the Sinai from earliest times through the Crusades, giving each site's own excavated evidence and historical context rather than a..."

Source The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological GuideJerome Murphy-O'Connor

This source names Israel directly: "This is the Israel Museum's own institutional account of its founding, governance and its Shrine of the Book building, the structure purpose-built to display the Dead Sea Scrolls."

Source The Israel Museum (institutional record)the holders' own account

This source names Israel directly: "Collective Memory and Mythmaking in Israel, published by the University of Wisconsin Press in 1995, is a sociological study arguing that the modern Israeli narrative of mass suicide at Masada, a..."

This source names Israel directly: "The Menorah, From the Bible to Modern Israel, published by Harvard University Press in 2016, is a scholarly cultural history of the Temple menorah, tracing its depiction on the Arch of Titus..."

This source names Israel directly: "manuscript codex of the Orit, the Beta Israel community's most sacred text, comprising the Five Books of Moses together with Joshua, Judges and Ruth, written in the Ethiopian liturgical language..."

This source names Israel directly: "A Means of Revelation in Ancient Israel, published by Eisenbrauns in 1997, is the standard monograph devoted specifically to the Urim and Thummim, the priestly objects used for divine consultation..."

This source names Israel directly: "Treaty of Peace between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan, signed in 1994 and read here from the Avalon Project's hosted text at Yale Law School, is the primary diplomatic..."

Source Treaty of Peace between the State of Israel and the Hashemite Kingdom of JordanState of Israel and Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan

This source names Israel directly: "the verdict and the sentence; and that Israel's Interior Ministry denied him citizenship in 2022 on the basis of the conviction, reported independently by Haaretz and the Times of Israel."

Source Wikipedia: Baruch LannerWikipedia contributors

Contains

Acre, Cities
Source The Holy Land: An Oxford Archaeological GuideJerome Murphy-O'Connor
Caesarea, Cities
Haifa, Cities
Jerusalem, Cities

Jerusalem lies within the modern state of Israel; sovereignty over its eastern half is contested and not internationally recognized as annexed.

Source Jerusalem: The BiographySimon Sebag Montefiore
Nazareth, Cities
Yavneh, Cities

Yavneh is in the coastal plain south of Tel Aviv in modern Israel.

Source From the Maccabees to the MishnahShaye J. D. Cohen

Originated Here

Israelites, Cultures
Samaritans, Cultures
Source Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)Encyclopaedia Britannica editors

Spread Events Here

Akka (Acre), later joined by Haifa as the Baha'i World Centre, both in present-day Israel.

Source Baha'u'llah (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors

Jerusalem and Galilee, in Roman Judea, mapped to modern Israel as the nearest real match to the historical Roman province.

Jerusalem, in ancient Judea, corresponding to modern Israel.

Source Babylonian Captivity (Wikipedia)Wikipedia contributors
Sources
1. Religious Composition of the World, 2010-2020
Pew Research Center, Pew Research Center, 2025View the Source
2. The World Factbook (Central Intelligence Agency)
Central Intelligence Agency, Central Intelligence AgencyView the Source
3. International Religious Freedom Report
United States Department of State, Office of International Religious Freedom, US Department of State, 2023View the Source
4. Israel Democracy Institute: The Proposed "Softened Rabbis Bill" Complicates the Budgeting Process for Religious Councils
The Israel Democracy InstituteView the Source
5. Penal Law 5737-1977 (International Commission of Jurists, Official Text)
State of Israel, Knesset, International Commission of JuristsView the Source
6. Fundamental Agreement between the Holy See and the State of Israel (30 December 1993), Text
Jewish Virtual Library, American-Israeli Cooperative EnterpriseView the Source
The Oxford English Dictionary, 3rd edition
Oxford University Press, Oxford University Pressdemonym / adjectival formView the Source
Encyclopaedia Britannica (online academic reference)
Encyclopaedia Britannica editors, Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc., 2024Originated Here: SamaritansView the Source
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